Difference between revisions of "Pinus echinata"

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==Ecology==
 
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''P. echinata'' has adapted to coarse, fina and medium textured soils. It has a medium drought tolerance. It has a high intolerance to shade.<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref>
 
''P. echinata'' has adapted to coarse, fina and medium textured soils. It has a medium drought tolerance. It has a high intolerance to shade.<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref>
  
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Specimens of the shortleaf pine have been collected from mixed woodland, open pine-oak second growth woods, upland mixed woods along rivers, long-leaf pine restoration sites, and deciduous woods <ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: R.K. Godfrey, Richard S. Mitchell,Patricia Elliot, D. B. Ward, Loran C. Anderson, R. F. Doren, R. Komarek, William Platt. States and counties: Florida (Jackson, Okaloosa, Liberty, Leon, Jackson, Escambia, Gadsden, Santa Rosa, Madison, Wakulla, Grady), Georgia (Thomas)</ref>
 
Specimens of the shortleaf pine have been collected from mixed woodland, open pine-oak second growth woods, upland mixed woods along rivers, long-leaf pine restoration sites, and deciduous woods <ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: R.K. Godfrey, Richard S. Mitchell,Patricia Elliot, D. B. Ward, Loran C. Anderson, R. F. Doren, R. Komarek, William Platt. States and counties: Florida (Jackson, Okaloosa, Liberty, Leon, Jackson, Escambia, Gadsden, Santa Rosa, Madison, Wakulla, Grady), Georgia (Thomas)</ref>
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<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
  
 
''Pinus echinata'' is frequent and abundant in the Clayhill Longleaf Woodlands community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref>
 
''Pinus echinata'' is frequent and abundant in the Clayhill Longleaf Woodlands community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref>

Revision as of 08:04, 15 July 2022

Common names: Shortleaf pine [1]

Pinus echinata
Pinus echinata SEF.jpg
Photo by John Gwaltney hosted at Southeastern Flora.com
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida - Dicots
Order: Pinales
Family: Pinaceae
Genus: Pinus
Species: P. echinata
Binomial name
Pinus echinata
Mill.
PINU ECHI DIST.JPG
Natural range of Pinus echinata from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Taxonomic Notes

Synonym: P. mitis (michaux)

Variety: none

Description

P. echinata is a perennial tree of the Pinaceae family that is native to North America.[1]

Distribution

Native to the southeastern Unites States, p. echinata is found as far north as New York and as far west as Texas and Oklahoma.[1]

Ecology

Habitat

P. echinata has adapted to coarse, fina and medium textured soils. It has a medium drought tolerance. It has a high intolerance to shade.[1]

Ideal habitats include dry rocky ridges, slopes, sandhills, old fields, forests, and generally xeric sites but can occur in mesic to wet sites.[2]

Longleaf pine regions are ideal environments for the P. echinata of shortleaf pine, where they share a dominance over the area.[3] Much of these ecosystems thrive with winter burns, particularly in old-fields.[4]

Specimens of the shortleaf pine have been collected from mixed woodland, open pine-oak second growth woods, upland mixed woods along rivers, long-leaf pine restoration sites, and deciduous woods [5]

Pinus echinata is frequent and abundant in the Clayhill Longleaf Woodlands community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[6]

Phenology

P. echinata has been observed flowering in March.[7]

Seedig begins in summer and will last through fall.[1]

Fire ecology

P. echinata has an extremely high tolerance for fire[1] as evidenced by populations known to persist through repeated annual burns.[8][9][10] Instances of fire or prescribed burning will promote regeneration of the shortleaf pine.[11]. Continued prescribed burning in a region can make for ideal habitats for shortleaf pine forests instead of hardwoods being predominate in the region.[12]

Herbivory and toxicology

Pinus echinata has been observed to host plant bugs from the Miridae family such as Phoenicocoris rostratus, P. heidemanni, P. laetus, and P. tibialis.[13] Shortleaf pines can provide habitats for the red-cockaded woodpecker; efforts at restoring the woodpeckers population in these environments include reintroduction of fire and constructing stands for the birds nesting. These prescribed burned shortleaf pine woods also provide a greater increase in small mammals in the region.[14]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

Pinus echinata is considered endangered in Illinois[1]

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 USDA Plant Database
  2. ↑ Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
  3. ↑ Cipollini, M. L., et al. (2012). "Herbaceous plants and grasses in a mountain longleaf pine forest undergoing restoration: a survey and comparative study." Southeastern Naturalist 11: 637-668.
  4. ↑ Clewell, A. F. (2014). "Forest development 44 years after fire exclusion in formerly annually burned oldfield pine woodland, Florida." Castanea 79: 147-167.
  5. ↑ URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: R.K. Godfrey, Richard S. Mitchell,Patricia Elliot, D. B. Ward, Loran C. Anderson, R. F. Doren, R. Komarek, William Platt. States and counties: Florida (Jackson, Okaloosa, Liberty, Leon, Jackson, Escambia, Gadsden, Santa Rosa, Madison, Wakulla, Grady), Georgia (Thomas)
  6. ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
  7. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 24 MAY 2018
  8. ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
  9. ↑ Glitzenstein, J. S., D. R. Streng, R. E. Masters, K. M. Robertson and S. M. Hermann 2012. Fire-frequency effects on vegetation in north Florida pinelands: Another look at the long-term Stoddard Fire Research Plots at Tall Timbers Research Station. Forest Ecology and Management 264: 197-209.
  10. ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
  11. ↑ Elliott, K. J. and J. M. Vose (2005). "Effects of understory prescribed burning on shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.)/mixed-hardwood forests." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132: 236-251.
  12. ↑ Garren, K. H. (1943). "Effects of fire on vegetation of the southeastern United States." Botanical Review 9(9): 617-654.
  13. ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
  14. ↑ The Role of Fire in Nongame Wildlife Management and Community Restoration: Traditional Uses and New Directions, Proceedings of a Special Workshop, 2000
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