Difference between revisions of "Crocanthemum carolinianum"

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==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
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Generally, for the ''Crocanthemum'' genus, they are erect perennials with alternate, pubescent leaves. There are two types of flowers, chasmogamous and cleistogamous. Chasmogamous flowers are on the pedicels that elongate to usually more than 1 cm long with large showy, tallow petals; there are numerous stamens and large sepals. The cleistogamous flowers are on the pedicels are usually less than 3 mm long, where the petals are absent, the stamens are few and the sepals are smaller than those of the chasmogamous flowers. The sepals are in 2 whorls, the outer are narrower than the inner. The capsule is 3-locular.<ref name=radford>Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 718-9. Print.</ref>
  
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''Crocanthemum carolinianum'' is a perennial herbaceous species.
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Specifically, for ''Crocanthemum carolinianum'' species, the roots have tuberous thickenings, the stems grow 10 - 30 cm tall, are pilose, and arise from a basal rosettes of leaves. The leaves are widely elliptic to obovate, or nearly lanceolate, growing 2 - 5 cm long, and 0.7 - 2 cm wide, pubescent on both surfaces, with longer trichomes above; the basal leaves are often somewhat irregular, usually larger than the stem leaves; the petioles grow 1 - 3 mm long. The cleistogamous flowers are absent. The chasmogamous flowers are solitary, are opposite a leaf (or appearing internodal). There are 6 sepals, the outer 3 linear, growing 5 - 10 mm long, are acute to acuminate, and pubescent; the petals grow 1.5 - 2 cm long. The capsules are round, growing 7 - 9 mm long. The seeds are reddish black in color, papillose, and growing 0.8 - 1 mm long.<ref name=radford/>
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Generally, for the ''Crocanthemum'' genus, they are erect, heraceous or suffrutescent perennials with alternate, stellate-pubescent leaves. There are two types of flowers, chasmogamous and cleistogamous. Chasmogamous flowers are on the pedicels that elongate to usually more than 1 cm long with large showy, tallow petals; there are numerous stamens and large sepals. The cleistogamous flowers are on the pedicels are usually less than 3 mm long, where the petals are absent, the stamens are few and the sepals are smaller than those of the chasmogamous flowers. The sepals are in 2 whorls, the outer are narrower than the inner. The capsule is 3-locular.<ref name=radford>Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 718-9. Print.</ref>
 
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Specifically, for ''Crocanthemum carolinianum'' species, the roots have tuberous thickenings, the stems grow 1-3 dm tall, are pilose, arising from a basal rosettes of leaves. The leaves are widely elliptic to obovate, or nearly lanceolate, growing 2-5 cm long, and 0.7-2 cm wide, stellate pubescent on both surfaces, with longer trichomes above; basal leaves are often somewhat erose,usually larger than the stem leaves; the petioles grow 1-3 mm long. The cleistogamous flowers are absent. The chasmogamous flowers are solitary, are opposite a leaf (or appearing internodal). There are 6 sepals, the outer 3 linear, growing 5-10 mm long, are acute to acuminate, stellate pubescent; the petals growing 1.5-2 cm long. The capsules are globose to subglobose, growing 7-9 mm long. The seeds are reddish black in color, papillose, and growing 0.8-1 mm long.<ref name=radford/>
 
  
 
''Crocanthemum carolinianum'' does not have specialized underground storage units apart from its fibrous roots.<ref name="Diaz"> Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.</ref> Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have a water content of 60.5% (ranking 58 out of 100 species studied).<ref name="Diaz"/>
 
''Crocanthemum carolinianum'' does not have specialized underground storage units apart from its fibrous roots.<ref name="Diaz"> Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.</ref> Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have a water content of 60.5% (ranking 58 out of 100 species studied).<ref name="Diaz"/>

Revision as of 14:24, 30 June 2021

Crocanthemum carolinianum
Helianthemum carolinianum Gil.jpg
Photo was taken by Gil Nelson
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Order: Violales
Family: Cistaceae
Genus: Crocanthemum
Species: C. carolinianum
Binomial name
Crocanthemum carolinianum
(Walter) Michx.
HELI CARO dist.jpg
Natural range of Crocanthemum carolinianum from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common names: Carolina Frostweed; Carolina Sunrose

Taxonomic notes

Synonym: Helianthemum carolinianum (Walter) Michaux.[1]

Varieties: none.[1]

Description

Generally, for the Crocanthemum genus, they are erect perennials with alternate, pubescent leaves. There are two types of flowers, chasmogamous and cleistogamous. Chasmogamous flowers are on the pedicels that elongate to usually more than 1 cm long with large showy, tallow petals; there are numerous stamens and large sepals. The cleistogamous flowers are on the pedicels are usually less than 3 mm long, where the petals are absent, the stamens are few and the sepals are smaller than those of the chasmogamous flowers. The sepals are in 2 whorls, the outer are narrower than the inner. The capsule is 3-locular.[2]

Specifically, for Crocanthemum carolinianum species, the roots have tuberous thickenings, the stems grow 10 - 30 cm tall, are pilose, and arise from a basal rosettes of leaves. The leaves are widely elliptic to obovate, or nearly lanceolate, growing 2 - 5 cm long, and 0.7 - 2 cm wide, pubescent on both surfaces, with longer trichomes above; the basal leaves are often somewhat irregular, usually larger than the stem leaves; the petioles grow 1 - 3 mm long. The cleistogamous flowers are absent. The chasmogamous flowers are solitary, are opposite a leaf (or appearing internodal). There are 6 sepals, the outer 3 linear, growing 5 - 10 mm long, are acute to acuminate, and pubescent; the petals grow 1.5 - 2 cm long. The capsules are round, growing 7 - 9 mm long. The seeds are reddish black in color, papillose, and growing 0.8 - 1 mm long.[2]

Crocanthemum carolinianum does not have specialized underground storage units apart from its fibrous roots.[3] Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have a water content of 60.5% (ranking 58 out of 100 species studied).[3]

Distribution

This species is native to the Gulf Coastal Plain, ranging from northeast North Carolina to south Florida and west to east Texas and Arkansas.[4]

Ecology

Habitat

C. carolinianum can be found in longleaf pine-wiregrass savannas and dry pine flatwoods, as well as some disturbed areas, like mowed areas and fields.[4][5] This is an indicator species of the North Florida subxeric sandhills community.[6] It grows well in sunny, well drained habitats.[7] It has also been found to grow near active gopher tortoise mounds.[5] While it is an upland species, it occurs in hydric and non-hydric ecotones as well as upland transect zones.[8]

Phenology

C. carolinianum has both chasmogamous flowers and cleistogamous flowers. The chasmogamous flowers have 5 petals and numerous stamen, while the cleistogamous flowers lack petals and have few stamen.[9] Flowering has been observed in February, March, and April.[5] However, common flowering time is between April and May as well as between July and August.[4]

Fire ecology

This species occurs in habitat that burns frequently.[5]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

This species is listed as critically imperiled and has a state rank of S1 in North Carolina.[10]

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 718-9. Print.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Robert K. Godfrey, Chris Cooksey, R. Komarek, Loran C. Anderson, and Richard R. Clinebell II. States and Counties: Florida: Leon. Georgia: Grady and Thomas.
  6. ↑ Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.
  7. ↑ [[1]]Native Florida Wildflowers. Accessed: April 16, 2016
  8. ↑ Kirkman, L. K., et al. (1998). "Ecotone characterization between upland longleaf pine/wiregrass stands and seasonally-ponded isolated wetlands." Wetlands 18(3): 346-364.
  9. ↑ [[2]]Native Plants of the Carolinas and Georgia. Accessed: April 16, 2016
  10. ↑ [[3]] NatureServe Explorer. Accessed: April 22, 2019.
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