Difference between revisions of "Crotalaria rotundifolia"
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===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| − | A study by Scott Wiggers found seeds of ''C. rotundifolia'' to need 9 seconds of scarification for successful germination.<ref name= "Wiggers"> This is due to the fact that these are particularly hard-seeded.<ref name= "Wiggers2">Wiggers, M. S., et al. (2013). "Fine-scale variation in surface fire environment and legume germination in the longleaf pine ecosystem." Forest Ecology and Management 310: 54-63.</ref> They also found more success of germination if the seeds were exposed to some level of dry heat as well as with steam heat exposure.<ref name= "Wiggers">Wiggers, M. S., et al. (2017). "Seed heat tolerance and germination of six legume species native to a fire-prone longleaf pine forest." Plant Ecology 218: 151-171.</ref> Another study by Wiggers found that germination was greater with a lower mortality post-burn with low amounts of fine fuel rather than with high amounts of fine fuels.<ref name= "Wiggers2"/> | + | A study by Scott Wiggers found seeds of ''C. rotundifolia'' to need 9 seconds of scarification for successful germination.<ref name= "Wiggers"/> This is due to the fact that these are particularly hard-seeded.<ref name= "Wiggers2">Wiggers, M. S., et al. (2013). "Fine-scale variation in surface fire environment and legume germination in the longleaf pine ecosystem." Forest Ecology and Management 310: 54-63.</ref> They also found more success of germination if the seeds were exposed to some level of dry heat as well as with steam heat exposure.<ref name= "Wiggers">Wiggers, M. S., et al. (2017). "Seed heat tolerance and germination of six legume species native to a fire-prone longleaf pine forest." Plant Ecology 218: 151-171.</ref> Another study by Wiggers found that germination was greater with a lower mortality post-burn with low amounts of fine fuel rather than with high amounts of fine fuels.<ref name= "Wiggers2"/> |
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
Revision as of 13:21, 22 April 2019
| Crotalaria rotundifolia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo was taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae ⁄ Leguminosae |
| Genus: | Crotalaria |
| Species: | C. rotundifolia |
| Binomial name | |
| Crotalaria rotundifolia Walter ex J.F. Gmel. | |
| |
| Natural range of Crotalaria rotundifolia from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Rabbitbells; Low Rattlebox
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonym: Crotalaria rotundifolia Walter ex J.F. Gmelin var. vulgaris Windler
Varieties: none
Description
Perennial herbaceous legume.[1]
Distribution
Southern and eastern United States west to Texas and south to Monroe County, Florida; West Indies, Mexico, and Central America.[2]
Ecology
It is a nitrogen-fixing legume.[3] In a study by Davis, it was discovered that C. rotundifolia had higher mortality and less biomass in high carbon dioxide plots, suggesting that not all species will perform well as global carbon dioxide levels rise.[1]
Habitat
This species is a common associate in longleaf pine savannas.[1] It can also be found in sandhill communities,[4] oak-palmetto scrub, evergreen-scrub oak sand ridges, slash pine flatwoods, sand dunes, backdunes, dune swales, and bordering cypress swamps and depression marshes.[5] This species also occurs in disturbed areas including roadsides, clearings in turkey oak barrens, and clear-cut flatwoods. C. rotundifolia prefers higher light levels associated with open pinelands, and sandy soil types, both moist and dry, such as coarse sand, drying sand, peaty sand, and sandy clay.[5]
Associated species includes Rhynchospora, Xyris, Longleaf pine, wiregrass, oak, saw palmetto, Quercus laevis, Q. margaretta, Aristida beyrichiana, slash pine, Polygala nana, Cyperus lecontei, Polypremum procumbens, Crotonopsis, Paronychia, Andropogon, Diospyros, Aristida, Cnidoscolus. Eupoatorium compositifolium, Axonopus affinis and others.[5]
Phenology
It has a broad, bimodal flowering phenology with peaks in early April and late fall.[6] Flowering has been observed in March through December with peak inflorescence in April.[7] Fruiting has been observed in April through November. [5] However, in its southern natural regions, C. rotundifolia can flower year-round.[8]
Seed dispersal
Seeds are forcefully expelled after the fruit matures and dries, and ants act as the main dispersal agents. The ballistic dispersal distance was found to be around .94 meters.[4] This species is thought to be dispersed by ants and/or explosive dehiscence. [9]
Seed bank and germination
A study by Scott Wiggers found seeds of C. rotundifolia to need 9 seconds of scarification for successful germination.[10] This is due to the fact that these are particularly hard-seeded.[11] They also found more success of germination if the seeds were exposed to some level of dry heat as well as with steam heat exposure.[10] Another study by Wiggers found that germination was greater with a lower mortality post-burn with low amounts of fine fuel rather than with high amounts of fine fuels.[11]
Fire ecology
Robustness of reproduction is related to burn treatments and season of burn.[6] Seedling emergence has been shown to significantly increase over a year for a burned site rather than an unburned site.[12]
Pollination
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of Crotalaria rotundifolia at Archbold Biological Station: [13]
Megachilidae: Megachile brevis pseudobrevis
Use by animals
Caterpillars are often found consuming C. rotundifolia. Ants, especially Pogonomyrmex badius, help disperse the seeds long distances.[4]
It is the larval host plant for the ceranus blue (Hemiargus ceraunus) butterfly.[2]
Diseases and parasites
C. rotundifolia can be infected by root-knot nematodes, including Meloidogyne arenaria and M. javanica.[14]
Conservation and management
This species is listed as endangered by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources. As well, the genus Crotalaria is listed as a noxious weed by the Arkansas State Plant Board.[15]
Cultivation and restoration
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Davis, M. A., S. G. Pritchard, et al. (2002). "Elevated atmospheric CO2 affects structure of a model regenerating longleaf pine community." Journal of Ecology 90: 130-140.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 [[1]] Regional Conservation. Accessed: April 15, 2016
- ↑ Runion, G. B., M. A. Davis, et al. (2006). "Effects of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide on biomass and carbon accumulation in a model regenerating longleaf pine community." Journal of Environmental Quality 35: 1478-1486.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Stamp, N. E. and J. R. Lucas (1990). "Spatial patterns and dispersal distances of explosively dispersing plants in Florida sandhill vegetation." Journal of Ecology 78: 589-600.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: O. Lakela, Loran C. Anderson, Bian Tan, Brenda Herring, Don Herring, Gwynn W. Ramsey, H. Larry Stripling, R.K. Godfrey, John Morrill, R. Kral, C. Jackson, D. B. Ward, A. F. Clewell, J. Beckner, D. Burch, L B Trott, William Reese, Paul Redfearn, H. E. Grelen, R. C. Phillips, L. J. Brass, Ann F. Johnson, J. Sincock, Grady W. Reinert, Mabel Kral, Elmer C. Prichard, Sidney McDaniel, Roomie Wilson, K. Craddock Burks, W. W. Baker, A. Mellon, Richard S. Mitchell, Steve L. Orzell, Edwin L. Bridges, Patricia Elliot, A. H. Curtiss, Kurt E. Blum, Dave Breil, H. A. Lang, R. F. Doren, R. A. Norris, Walter Kittredge, R. Komarek, Chris Cooksey, Kevin Oakes, M. Davis, Cecil R Slaughter, John B. Nelson, Cynthia Aulbach-Smith, Kelley, Batson, S. M. Tracy, D. P. Bain, R. B. Carr, R. L. Wilbur, J A Duke, H. L. Blomquist, William B. Fox, A. E. Radford, H. R. Reed, Barbara Lund, Grelen, and Wilbur H Duncan. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Brevard, Calhoun, Citrus, Clay, Collier, Columbia, Dixie, Duval, Flagler, Franklin, Gadsden, Hamilton, Hernando, Highlands, Indian River, Jackson, Jefferson, Lake, Lee, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Marion, Martin, Monroe, Nassau, Osceola, Orange, Polk, Putnam, Taylor, Santa Rosa, Sarasota, St John’s, Sumter, Suwannee, Volusia, and Wakulla. Georgia: Charlton, Echols, Grady, Lanier, and Thomas. South Carolina: Barnwell, Berkeley, Jasper, and Richland. Mississippi: George, Harrison, Lamar, and Pearl River. Texas: Brazos. North Carolina: Bladen, Carteret, and Wayne. Alabama: Baldwin and Mobile.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hiers, J. K., R. Wyatt, et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 22 APR 2019
- ↑ [[2]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: April 22, 2019
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Wiggers, M. S., et al. (2017). "Seed heat tolerance and germination of six legume species native to a fire-prone longleaf pine forest." Plant Ecology 218: 151-171.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Wiggers, M. S., et al. (2013). "Fine-scale variation in surface fire environment and legume germination in the longleaf pine ecosystem." Forest Ecology and Management 310: 54-63.
- ↑ Parks, G. R. (2007). Longleaf pine sandhill seed banks and seedling emergence in relation to time since fire, University of Florida. Master of Science: 84.
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ Quesenberry, K. H., et al. (2008). "Response of native southeastern U.S. legumes to root-knot nematodes." Crop Science 48: 2274-2278.
- ↑ USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 22 April 2019). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
