Difference between revisions of "Andropogon gyrans"
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==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | Within the Coastal Plain this species occurs in a wide range of open habitat conditions, including frequently burned longleaf pine and shortleaf pine-oak-hickory communities,<ref name="elliott">Elliott, K. J. and J. M. Vose (2005). "Effects of understory prescribed burning on shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.)/mixed-hardwood forests." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132: 236-251.</ref> longleaf pine and pine-turkey oak sandhills, Florida scrub communities, pine flatwoods, wet savannas, wet depressions within pinelands, seepage slopes (pitcher plant bogs), calcareous (rockland) slash pine flatwoods, dune swales, shrubby wet prairies, and open cypress swamps.<ref name="haywood">Haywood, J. D. (2012). "Pine straw harvesting, fire, and fertilization affect understory vegetation within a Louisiana longleaf pine stand." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 36: 130-135.</ref><ref name="fsu"/> Soil conditions include deep sand Entisols, sandy loam Ultisols, sandy peat Spodosols, wet Histosols (peat). This species does well in open, semi shade, and semi open light conditions and grows in large clumps together. | + | Within the Coastal Plain this species occurs in a wide range of open habitat conditions, including being a characteristic species of frequently burned longleaf pine and shortleaf pine-oak-hickory communities,<ref name= "Clewell">Clewell, A. F. (2013). "Prior prevalence of shortleaf pine-oak-hickory woodlands in the Tallahassee red hills." Castanea 78(4): 266-276.</ref><ref name="elliott">Elliott, K. J. and J. M. Vose (2005). "Effects of understory prescribed burning on shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.)/mixed-hardwood forests." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132: 236-251.</ref> longleaf pine and pine-turkey oak sandhills, Florida scrub communities, pine flatwoods, wet savannas, wet depressions within pinelands, seepage slopes (pitcher plant bogs), calcareous (rockland) slash pine flatwoods, dune swales, shrubby wet prairies, and open cypress swamps.<ref name="haywood">Haywood, J. D. (2012). "Pine straw harvesting, fire, and fertilization affect understory vegetation within a Louisiana longleaf pine stand." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 36: 130-135.</ref><ref name="fsu"/> Soil conditions include deep sand Entisols, sandy loam Ultisols, sandy peat Spodosols, wet Histosols (peat). This species does well in open, semi shade, and semi open light conditions and grows in large clumps together. |
Associated species include longleaf pine, slash pine, wiregrass, turkey oak, ''Aster adnatus'', ''Sarracenia'' spp., ''Ludwigia, Bidens, Sacciolepis,'' Titi, sweetgum, yaupon, and others.<ref name="fsu">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Robert K. Godfrey, Neal Morar, Sidney McDaniel , Loran C. Anderson, R. Kral, Ann F. Johnson, C.S. Campbell, John Morrill, O. Lakela, A.H. Curtiss, H.F. Lamp, R. E. Perdue, Jr., Austin Mast, Michael R. Jenkins, John G. Palis, J. M. Kane, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, Angus Gholson, Wilson Baker, and A. F. Clewell. States and Counties: Florida: Wakulla, Gilchrist, Leon, Franklin, Calhoun, Liberty, Nassau, Bay, Jackson, Madison, Putnam, Hillsborough, Walton, Okaloosa, Duval, Highlands, Manatee, Clay, Monroe, Santa Rosa, and Jefferson. Georgia: Thomas, Grady, and Colquitt.</ref> | Associated species include longleaf pine, slash pine, wiregrass, turkey oak, ''Aster adnatus'', ''Sarracenia'' spp., ''Ludwigia, Bidens, Sacciolepis,'' Titi, sweetgum, yaupon, and others.<ref name="fsu">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Robert K. Godfrey, Neal Morar, Sidney McDaniel , Loran C. Anderson, R. Kral, Ann F. Johnson, C.S. Campbell, John Morrill, O. Lakela, A.H. Curtiss, H.F. Lamp, R. E. Perdue, Jr., Austin Mast, Michael R. Jenkins, John G. Palis, J. M. Kane, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, Angus Gholson, Wilson Baker, and A. F. Clewell. States and Counties: Florida: Wakulla, Gilchrist, Leon, Franklin, Calhoun, Liberty, Nassau, Bay, Jackson, Madison, Putnam, Hillsborough, Walton, Okaloosa, Duval, Highlands, Manatee, Clay, Monroe, Santa Rosa, and Jefferson. Georgia: Thomas, Grady, and Colquitt.</ref> | ||
Revision as of 16:29, 5 March 2019
| Andropogon gyrans | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Kevin Robertson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Liliopsida – Monocotyledons |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae |
| Genus: | Andropogon |
| Species: | A. gyrans |
| Binomial name | |
| Andropogon gyrans Ashe | |
| |
| Natural range of Andropogon gyrans from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: Elliott's bluestem
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: A. elliottii Chapman; A. campyloracheus Nash; A. gyrans Ashe var. gyrans; A. elliottii Chapman var. elliottii; A. elliottii Chapman var. gracilior Hackel; A. elliottii Chapman var. projectus Fernald & Griscom
Varieties: none
Description
A warm-season perennial bunch grass, A. gyrans is a member of the Poaceae family. Height ranges from 2 1/2 to 3 feet. Leaf blade is 6 to 15 inches in length, mostly smooth besides hair just above the ligule. Leaf sheath is basal that is keeled, relatively narrow, overlapping, and has rounded upper sheaths. Stem is erect, with up to 6 and branching near the top of the plant. Seedhead is a raceme, which is partially enclosed in a conspicuous and enlarged spathe, and turns a brown rust color when mature.[1] Number of flowers per stem can be as few as 100.[2]
Distribution
A. gyrans is native to the Southeast United States, ranging from the east coast west to Texas and north up to Illinois and Pennsylvania.[1]
Ecology
Habitat
Within the Coastal Plain this species occurs in a wide range of open habitat conditions, including being a characteristic species of frequently burned longleaf pine and shortleaf pine-oak-hickory communities,[3][4] longleaf pine and pine-turkey oak sandhills, Florida scrub communities, pine flatwoods, wet savannas, wet depressions within pinelands, seepage slopes (pitcher plant bogs), calcareous (rockland) slash pine flatwoods, dune swales, shrubby wet prairies, and open cypress swamps.[5][6] Soil conditions include deep sand Entisols, sandy loam Ultisols, sandy peat Spodosols, wet Histosols (peat). This species does well in open, semi shade, and semi open light conditions and grows in large clumps together.
Associated species include longleaf pine, slash pine, wiregrass, turkey oak, Aster adnatus, Sarracenia spp., Ludwigia, Bidens, Sacciolepis, Titi, sweetgum, yaupon, and others.[6]
Phenology
Flowers summer and fall.[7] A. gyrans has been observed to flower October through January with peak inflorescence in October.[8]
Seed bank and germination
In sandhill communities, it suffers from seed germination and radical growth inhibition by allelopathic scrub species during the beginning of the rainy season.[9][10]
Fire ecology
This species is commonly found in burned pine and oak woodlands.[6] Elliott and Vose (2005) initiated a single dormant season burn (low to moderate intensity fire) on a plot containing Andropogon gyrans to see if it would stimulate growth. Additional burning may be required to stimulate its growth and the growth of other bluestem-grasses.[4] Prescribed fire and pine straw harvesting both led to increases in herbaceous plant production (including A. gyrans).[5] It is most common in native communities with minimal soil disturbance. A. gyrans was among the species that responded positively to reduction of woody vegetation using triclopyr herbicide.[11] Following a November 28, 2015 burn, resprouts were noted 38 days after the fire.[12]
Use by animals
It is commonly grazed by cattle.[1] A. gyrans is also a minor source of food and occasional source of cover for terrestrial birds.[13]
Conservation and management
A. gyrans is not an abundant species to be considered a key management species, and commonly spans no more than 5 percent of overall plant composition in a community. However, proper grazing of more abundant grasses that are associated with this species maintains this proper percentage in the community.[1]
Cultivation and restoration
Photo Gallery
Andropogon gyrans at Pebble Hill Plantation near Thomasville, GA, October 2005. Photo by Kevin Robertson.
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 USDA NRCS (2016) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 5 March 2019). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
- ↑ Campbell, C. S. (1983). "Wind dispersal of some North American species of Andropogon (Gramineae)." Rhodora 85(841): 65-72.
- ↑ Clewell, A. F. (2013). "Prior prevalence of shortleaf pine-oak-hickory woodlands in the Tallahassee red hills." Castanea 78(4): 266-276.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Elliott, K. J. and J. M. Vose (2005). "Effects of understory prescribed burning on shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata Mill.)/mixed-hardwood forests." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 132: 236-251.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Haywood, J. D. (2012). "Pine straw harvesting, fire, and fertilization affect understory vegetation within a Louisiana longleaf pine stand." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 36: 130-135.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Robert K. Godfrey, Neal Morar, Sidney McDaniel , Loran C. Anderson, R. Kral, Ann F. Johnson, C.S. Campbell, John Morrill, O. Lakela, A.H. Curtiss, H.F. Lamp, R. E. Perdue, Jr., Austin Mast, Michael R. Jenkins, John G. Palis, J. M. Kane, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, Angus Gholson, Wilson Baker, and A. F. Clewell. States and Counties: Florida: Wakulla, Gilchrist, Leon, Franklin, Calhoun, Liberty, Nassau, Bay, Jackson, Madison, Putnam, Hillsborough, Walton, Okaloosa, Duval, Highlands, Manatee, Clay, Monroe, Santa Rosa, and Jefferson. Georgia: Thomas, Grady, and Colquitt.
- ↑ http://www.namethatplant.net/plantdetail.shtml?plant=83
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 5 MAR 2019
- ↑ Richardson, D. R. (1985). Allelopathic effects of species in the sand pine scrub of Florida (fire). Ecology. Ann Arbor, MI, University of South Florida. Ph.D.: 135.
- ↑ Richardson, D. R. and G. B. Williamson (1988). "Allelopathic effects of shrubs of the sand pine scrub on pines and grasses of the sandhills." Forest Science 34: 592-605.
- ↑ Miller, J. H., R. S. Boyd, et al. (1999). "Floristic diversity, stand structure, and composition 11 years after herbicide site preparation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29: 1073-1083.
- ↑ Observation by Edwin Bridges January 5, 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group January 6, 2016.
- ↑ Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.
