Difference between revisions of "Agalinis tenuifolia"
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
Synonyms: ''Gerardia tenuifolia'' Vahl var. ''tenuifolia''; ''A. tenuifolia'' (Vahl) Rafinesque var. ''tenuifolia''; ''A. tenuifolia'' (Vahl) Rafinesque var. ''leucanthera'' (Rafinesque) Pennell; ''A. tenuifolia'' (Vahl) Rafinesque var. ''macrophylla'' (Bentham) Blake; ''A. tenuifolia'' (Vahl) Rafinesque var. ''polyphylla'' (Small) Pennell; ''Gerardia tenuifolia'' Vahl ssp. ''polyphylla'' (Small) Pennell; ''Gerardia tenuifolia'' Vahl ssp. ''macrophylla'' (Bentham) Pennell; ''Gerardia polyphylla'' Small | Synonyms: ''Gerardia tenuifolia'' Vahl var. ''tenuifolia''; ''A. tenuifolia'' (Vahl) Rafinesque var. ''tenuifolia''; ''A. tenuifolia'' (Vahl) Rafinesque var. ''leucanthera'' (Rafinesque) Pennell; ''A. tenuifolia'' (Vahl) Rafinesque var. ''macrophylla'' (Bentham) Blake; ''A. tenuifolia'' (Vahl) Rafinesque var. ''polyphylla'' (Small) Pennell; ''Gerardia tenuifolia'' Vahl ssp. ''polyphylla'' (Small) Pennell; ''Gerardia tenuifolia'' Vahl ssp. ''macrophylla'' (Bentham) Pennell; ''Gerardia polyphylla'' Small | ||
| − | ==Description== | + | ==Description==<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> |
Annual. Parasitic to the roots of grasses and other herbs. Leaves are opposite, linear to filiform, and sometimes will have tufts on the shoots. Flowers are showy, in terminal racemes; the calyx is 5-parted, the lobes are shorter than the tube; the corolla is 5-parted. The flowers are rose-lavender in color and are rarely white. There are usually 2 yellow lines and numerous purple spots in the throat on the tube. The tube is broad, campanulate, and the lobes are shorter than the tube. The throat is usually lanose at the base of the 2 upper corolla lobes. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, that include filaments and anthers that are also lanose. The stigmas are elongated. The capsules are globose or subglobose, loculicidal <ref name="Radford 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. 1964, 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press. 960 pp. Print.</ref>. | Annual. Parasitic to the roots of grasses and other herbs. Leaves are opposite, linear to filiform, and sometimes will have tufts on the shoots. Flowers are showy, in terminal racemes; the calyx is 5-parted, the lobes are shorter than the tube; the corolla is 5-parted. The flowers are rose-lavender in color and are rarely white. There are usually 2 yellow lines and numerous purple spots in the throat on the tube. The tube is broad, campanulate, and the lobes are shorter than the tube. The throat is usually lanose at the base of the 2 upper corolla lobes. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, that include filaments and anthers that are also lanose. The stigmas are elongated. The capsules are globose or subglobose, loculicidal <ref name="Radford 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. 1964, 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press. 960 pp. Print.</ref>. | ||
| Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
This species is a vigorous parasite. It forms haustoria on all 19 commercial species included in Appendix III. No clear host preference was shown, although hardwood species supported more parasitic attachments than pine species <ref name="Musselman and Mann 1978"/>. | This species is a vigorous parasite. It forms haustoria on all 19 commercial species included in Appendix III. No clear host preference was shown, although hardwood species supported more parasitic attachments than pine species <ref name="Musselman and Mann 1978"/>. | ||
| − | ===Habitat=== | + | ===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> |
''Agalinis tenuifolia'' can be found in undisturbed grasslands and areas with low soil nutrients in the Great Lakes region <ref name="Hogg and Morton 1983">Hogg, E.H. and J.K. Morton. 1983. The effects of nesting gulls on the vegetation and soil of islands in the Great Lakes. Canadian Journal of Botany 61:3240-3254.</ref>. Natural habitat in the Coastal Plain includes open upland woodlands, mixed pine-hardwood stands, mesic wooded edges of limestone glades and open grassy limestone glades, scrubby floodplain woods, borders of wooded mesic hammocks, dry sandy slopes, and calcareous clearings <ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium Database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, L. Brouillet, J. M. Canne, A. F. Clewell, Angus Gholson, Robert K. Godfrey, R. Karl, S. W. Leonard, and John C. Semple. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Escambia, Gadsden, Jackson, Lafayette, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Walton, Wakulla, and Washington. Georgia: Newton.</ref>. It occurs on xeric limestone prairies of Illinois <ref name="Hogg and Morton 1983"/>, and in moist to dry savannas and bluffs <ref name="Wunderlin and Hansen 2003">Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 547 pp. Print.</ref>. Prefers semi-shade and sandy soils including sandy loam, sandy clay, and drying or dry loamy sand <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>. | ''Agalinis tenuifolia'' can be found in undisturbed grasslands and areas with low soil nutrients in the Great Lakes region <ref name="Hogg and Morton 1983">Hogg, E.H. and J.K. Morton. 1983. The effects of nesting gulls on the vegetation and soil of islands in the Great Lakes. Canadian Journal of Botany 61:3240-3254.</ref>. Natural habitat in the Coastal Plain includes open upland woodlands, mixed pine-hardwood stands, mesic wooded edges of limestone glades and open grassy limestone glades, scrubby floodplain woods, borders of wooded mesic hammocks, dry sandy slopes, and calcareous clearings <ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium Database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, L. Brouillet, J. M. Canne, A. F. Clewell, Angus Gholson, Robert K. Godfrey, R. Karl, S. W. Leonard, and John C. Semple. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Escambia, Gadsden, Jackson, Lafayette, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Walton, Wakulla, and Washington. Georgia: Newton.</ref>. It occurs on xeric limestone prairies of Illinois <ref name="Hogg and Morton 1983"/>, and in moist to dry savannas and bluffs <ref name="Wunderlin and Hansen 2003">Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 547 pp. Print.</ref>. Prefers semi-shade and sandy soils including sandy loam, sandy clay, and drying or dry loamy sand <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>. | ||
| Line 38: | Line 38: | ||
Associated species include ''Aristida, Eupatorium, Juniperus, Schoenus nigricans, Tridens flavus, Agalinis divaricata'' and others <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>. | Associated species include ''Aristida, Eupatorium, Juniperus, Schoenus nigricans, Tridens flavus, Agalinis divaricata'' and others <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>. | ||
| − | ===Phenology=== | + | ===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> |
In the Coastal Plain it has been observed flowering September through November, and fruiting in October and November<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>. | In the Coastal Plain it has been observed flowering September through November, and fruiting in October and November<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>. | ||
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
| − | <!--===Fire ecology===--> | + | <!--===Fire ecology===--><!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> |
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
It is pollinated by bees<ref>[http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/common-gerardia-slender-gerardia-slender-false-foxglove Missouri Department of Conservation]</ref>. | It is pollinated by bees<ref>[http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/common-gerardia-slender-gerardia-slender-false-foxglove Missouri Department of Conservation]</ref>. | ||
| − | ===Use by animals=== | + | ===Use by animals===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> |
It is a larval host of the common buckeye butterfly<ref>[http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/common-gerardia-slender-gerardia-slender-false-foxglove Missouri Department of Conservation]</ref>. | It is a larval host of the common buckeye butterfly<ref>[http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/common-gerardia-slender-gerardia-slender-false-foxglove Missouri Department of Conservation]</ref>. | ||
<!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
Revision as of 09:58, 2 March 2016
| Agalinis tenuifolia | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by John R. Gwaltney, Southeastern Flora.com | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Orobanchaceae |
| Genus: | Agalinis |
| Species: | A. tenuifolia |
| Binomial name | |
| Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. | |
| |
| Natural range of Agalinis tenuifolia from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Agalinis tenuifolia, commonly known as slender garardia or slenderleaf false foxglove, is an annual plant that is widely distributed through most of the United States and Canada.
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl var. tenuifolia; A. tenuifolia (Vahl) Rafinesque var. tenuifolia; A. tenuifolia (Vahl) Rafinesque var. leucanthera (Rafinesque) Pennell; A. tenuifolia (Vahl) Rafinesque var. macrophylla (Bentham) Blake; A. tenuifolia (Vahl) Rafinesque var. polyphylla (Small) Pennell; Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl ssp. polyphylla (Small) Pennell; Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl ssp. macrophylla (Bentham) Pennell; Gerardia polyphylla Small
Description
Annual. Parasitic to the roots of grasses and other herbs. Leaves are opposite, linear to filiform, and sometimes will have tufts on the shoots. Flowers are showy, in terminal racemes; the calyx is 5-parted, the lobes are shorter than the tube; the corolla is 5-parted. The flowers are rose-lavender in color and are rarely white. There are usually 2 yellow lines and numerous purple spots in the throat on the tube. The tube is broad, campanulate, and the lobes are shorter than the tube. The throat is usually lanose at the base of the 2 upper corolla lobes. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, that include filaments and anthers that are also lanose. The stigmas are elongated. The capsules are globose or subglobose, loculicidal [1].
Is very similar to Agalinis setacea. The difference between Agalinis tenuifolia and Agalinis setacea has to do with the upper corolla lobes. On A. tenuifolia, the upper corolla lobes will be arching over the stamens and closing, or nearly closing, the throat. On a dried specimen of A. tenuifolia, the upper lobes are glabrous basally, making it possible for determination. Flowers August to October[1], mostly in October in northern Florida [2].
Distribution
Agalinis tenuifolia is the most widely distributed throughout eastern North America [3], although varieties leucanthera and polyphylla are limited to the southeaseastern U.S. [4].
Ecology
This species is a vigorous parasite. It forms haustoria on all 19 commercial species included in Appendix III. No clear host preference was shown, although hardwood species supported more parasitic attachments than pine species [3].
Habitat
Agalinis tenuifolia can be found in undisturbed grasslands and areas with low soil nutrients in the Great Lakes region [5]. Natural habitat in the Coastal Plain includes open upland woodlands, mixed pine-hardwood stands, mesic wooded edges of limestone glades and open grassy limestone glades, scrubby floodplain woods, borders of wooded mesic hammocks, dry sandy slopes, and calcareous clearings [6]. It occurs on xeric limestone prairies of Illinois [5], and in moist to dry savannas and bluffs [7]. Prefers semi-shade and sandy soils including sandy loam, sandy clay, and drying or dry loamy sand [6].
Agalinis tenuifolia also commonly grows in disturbed sites, including clear cut areas and the edges of pine plantations. Large populations may also be found growing at the margins of ditches and in other wet or moist habitats [3].
Associated species include Aristida, Eupatorium, Juniperus, Schoenus nigricans, Tridens flavus, Agalinis divaricata and others [6].
Phenology
In the Coastal Plain it has been observed flowering September through November, and fruiting in October and November[6].
Pollination
It is pollinated by bees[8].
Use by animals
It is a larval host of the common buckeye butterfly[9].
References and notes
Hall, David W. Illustrated Plants of Florida and the Coastal Plain: based on the collections of Leland and Lucy Baltzell. 1993. A Maupin House Book. Gainesville. 343. Print.
USDA NRCS Plants Database team. URL: USDA NRCS Plants
Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 547. Print.
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. 1964, 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press. 960 pp. Print.
- ↑ [www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ PanFlora Plant Database]. Gil Nelson. Last accessed 15 JAN 2015.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Musselman, L.J. and W.F. Mann, Jr. 1978. Root parasites of southern forests. General Technical Report SO-20. New Orleans, LA, USDA Forest Service.
- ↑ USDA NRCS Plants Database accessed 15 JAN 2015.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Hogg, E.H. and J.K. Morton. 1983. The effects of nesting gulls on the vegetation and soil of islands in the Great Lakes. Canadian Journal of Botany 61:3240-3254.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, L. Brouillet, J. M. Canne, A. F. Clewell, Angus Gholson, Robert K. Godfrey, R. Karl, S. W. Leonard, and John C. Semple. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Escambia, Gadsden, Jackson, Lafayette, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Walton, Wakulla, and Washington. Georgia: Newton.
- ↑ Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 547 pp. Print.
- ↑ Missouri Department of Conservation
- ↑ Missouri Department of Conservation
