Difference between revisions of "Galactia erecta"

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Common name: Erect milkpea
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Common name: erect milkpea
 
==Taxonomic notes==
 
==Taxonomic notes==
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Synonyms: none<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
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Varieties: none<ref name=weakley/>
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==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
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==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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''G. erecta'' is distributed from southeast North Carolina south to the panhandle of Florida, and west to eastern Texas.<ref name= "Weakley">Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.</ref>
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''G. erecta'' is distributed from southeast North Carolina south to the panhandle of Florida, and west to eastern Texas.<ref name=weakley/>
  
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
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Generally, ''G. erecta'' can be mostly found in sandhills within the southeastern coastal plain.<ref name= "Weakley"/> This species has been found in open longleaf pine-wiregrass flatwoods along gum swamps, wiregrass savannas, pine-oak upland forests, and clearings within pine flatwoods. This species does well in open light environments in dry loamy sands, drying sand, and sandy-peaty wet soils.<ref name=fsu>Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, John B. Nelson, R.K. Godfrey, Washington, Loran C. Anderson, Rodie White, William B. Fox, H. L. Blomquist, Sidney McDaniel, H. R. Reed, R. L. Wilbur, Samuel B. Jones, F. H. Sargent, Harry E. Ahles, J. Haesloop, and R. Kral. States and Counties: Florida: Wakulla, Jackson, Bay, Walton, Liberty, and Gadsden. Georgia: Thomas, Baker, and Dodge. North Carolina: Bladen and Onslow. Mississippi: George, McNeill, Lamar, and Pearl River. Alabama: Baldwin and Clarke.</ref> ''G. erecta'' is vulnerable to disturbance, and is more often found in native groundcover areas.<ref>Kirkman, L. K., et al. (2004). "Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna." Journal of Ecology 92(3): 409-421.</ref> It is considered an indicator species of the Florida panhandle silty longleaf woodlands habitat as well.<ref name= "Carr">Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.</ref> ''G. erecta'' responds negatively to soil disturbance by agriculture in Southwest Georgia.<ref>Kirkman, L.K., K.L. Coffey, R.J. Mitchell, and E.B. Moser. Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna. (2004). Journal of Ecology 92(3):409-421.</ref>
+
Generally, ''G. erecta'' can be mostly found in sandhills within the southeastern coastal plain.<ref name=weakley/> This species has been found in open longleaf pine-wiregrass flatwoods along gum swamps, wiregrass savannas, pine-oak upland forests, and clearings within pine flatwoods. This species does well in open light environments in dry loamy sands, drying sand, and sandy-peaty wet soils.<ref name=fsu>Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, John B. Nelson, R.K. Godfrey, Washington, Loran C. Anderson, Rodie White, William B. Fox, H. L. Blomquist, Sidney McDaniel, H. R. Reed, R. L. Wilbur, Samuel B. Jones, F. H. Sargent, Harry E. Ahles, J. Haesloop, and R. Kral. States and Counties: Florida: Wakulla, Jackson, Bay, Walton, Liberty, and Gadsden. Georgia: Thomas, Baker, and Dodge. North Carolina: Bladen and Onslow. Mississippi: George, McNeill, Lamar, and Pearl River. Alabama: Baldwin and Clarke.</ref> ''G. erecta'' is vulnerable to disturbance, and is more often found in native groundcover areas.<ref>Kirkman, L. K., et al. (2004). "Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna." Journal of Ecology 92(3): 409-421.</ref> It is considered an indicator species of the Florida panhandle silty longleaf woodlands habitat as well.<ref name= "Carr">Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.</ref> ''G. erecta'' was found to decrease its occurrence in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in southwest Georgia. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished native savannas that were disturbed by agricultural practices.<ref>Kirkman, L.K., K.L. Coffey, R.J. Mitchell, and E.B. Moser. Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna. (2004). Journal of Ecology 92(3):409-421.</ref> Additionally, ''G. erecta'' was found to a decreaser in its short-term response to single mechanical soil disturbances as well as in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.<ref name=Dixon>Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.</ref>
  
 
Associated species seen growing with ''Galactia erecta'' include ''Pinus palustris, Pinus elliotii, Aristida stricta, Quercus'' species, ''Tephrosia florida, Aristida, Croton, Berlandiera, Asclepias, Tetragonotheca, Galactia mollis.'' <ref name=fsu/>
 
Associated species seen growing with ''Galactia erecta'' include ''Pinus palustris, Pinus elliotii, Aristida stricta, Quercus'' species, ''Tephrosia florida, Aristida, Croton, Berlandiera, Asclepias, Tetragonotheca, Galactia mollis.'' <ref name=fsu/>
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''Galactia erecta'' is an indicator species for the Panhandle Silty Longleaf Woodlands community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref>
  
 
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
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===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
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It has been found in recently burned open scrub, and is a characteristic species of various fire-dependent habitats.<ref name=fsu/><ref name= "Carr"/> A study found the mean density of ''G. erecta'' to increase with fire disturbance reintroduction.<ref>Duncan, R. S., et al. (2008). "The effect of fire reintroduction on endemic and rare plants of a southeastern glade ecosystem." Restoration Ecology 16: 39-49.</ref> Another study by Hiers found lightning-season burns to decrease the duration of flowering (synchrony) in comparison to latewinter/early spring burns or even no burns, and for delay of peak flower activity to increase. Number of flowers increased with burn regiments implemented, but the type of burn did not affect the total number of flowers.<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> It seems to benefit most from winter and spring burn regiments rather than summer burn regiments with both overall occurrence and biomass.<ref>Kush, J. S., et al. (2000). Understory plant community response to season of burn in natural longleaf pine forests. Proceedings 21st Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. Fire and forest ecology: innovative silviculture & vegetation management, Tallahassee, FL, Tall Timbers Research, Inc.</ref>
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''Galactia erecta'' has been found in recently burned open scrub and is a characteristic species of various fire-dependent habitats.<ref name=fsu/><ref name= "Carr"/> It was found that the mean density of ''G. erecta'' increases with fire disturbance reintroduction,<ref>Duncan, R. S., et al. (2008). "The effect of fire reintroduction on endemic and rare plants of a southeastern glade ecosystem." Restoration Ecology 16: 39-49.</ref> and populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref>
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<!--===Pollination===-->
 
  
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===Use by animals=== <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
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A study describing the effects of a seasonal fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas found that ''G. erecta'' produces the most flowers after a late winter/early spring burn (10.9), with flowers decreasing in number after a lightning-season burn (10.2) or after instances without fire (8.4).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> This study also found that the duration of synchronous flowering was greatest after instances of no fire (142.7 days) and decreased after a late winter/early spring burn (142.3 days) and after a lightning-season burns (77 days).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> Additionally, the peak flowering activity occurred earliest after instances without fire (190.7 Julian) and occurred later after a late winter/early spring burn (206.3 Julian) and after a lightning-season burn (246.0 Julian).<ref>Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.</ref> It seems to benefit most from winter and spring burn regiments rather than summer burn regiments with both overall occurrence and biomass.<ref>Kush, J. S., et al. (2000). Understory plant community response to season of burn in natural longleaf pine forests. Proceedings 21st Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. Fire and forest ecology: innovative silviculture & vegetation management, Tallahassee, FL, Tall Timbers Research, Inc.</ref>
 +
<!--===Pollination===-->
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===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
 
Species in the genus ''Galactia'' have been observed to be eaten by gopher tortoises (''Gopherus polyphemus'').<ref>Birkhead, R. D., et al. (2005). "Patterns of folivory and seed ingestion by gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) in a southeastern pine savanna." American Midland Naturalist 154: 143-151.</ref>
 
Species in the genus ''Galactia'' have been observed to be eaten by gopher tortoises (''Gopherus polyphemus'').<ref>Birkhead, R. D., et al. (2005). "Patterns of folivory and seed ingestion by gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) in a southeastern pine savanna." American Midland Naturalist 154: 143-151.</ref>
 
<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
 
<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
  
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==Conservation and management==
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
 
It is listed as G4 on the global scale due to its restricted distribution. ''G. erecta'' is also critically imperiled in Texas as well as vulnerable in North Carolina.<ref>[[http://explorer.natureserve.org]] NatureServe Explorer. Accessed: May 13, 2019</ref>
 
It is listed as G4 on the global scale due to its restricted distribution. ''G. erecta'' is also critically imperiled in Texas as well as vulnerable in North Carolina.<ref>[[http://explorer.natureserve.org]] NatureServe Explorer. Accessed: May 13, 2019</ref>
  
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==Cultivation and restoration==
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==Cultural use==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
<gallery widths=180px>

Latest revision as of 07:43, 2 August 2024

Galactia erecta
Galactia erecta 1.jpg
Photo taken by Kevin Robertson
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae ⁄ Leguminosae
Genus: Galactia
Species: G. erecta
Binomial name
Galactia erecta
(Walter) Vail
GALA EREC dist.jpg
Natural range of Galactia erecta from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common name: erect milkpea

Taxonomic notes

Synonyms: none[1]

Varieties: none[1]

Description

This plant is erect[2].

Generally, the genus Galactia are "trailing or twining, climbing, perennial, herbaceous or woody vines or erect, perennial herbs or rarely shrubs. Leaves 1-pinnate, usually 3-foliolate (or rarely 1-,5-7-,9-folilolate); leaflets entire, petiolulate, stipellate. Racemes axillary, pedunculate with few to numerous, papilionaceous flowers borne solitary or 2-several at a node, ech subtended by a bract and fusion of the 2 uppermost, with the laterals usually shorter than the uppermost and lowermost; petals usually red, purple, pink or white; stamens diadelphous or elsewhere occasionally monadelphous; ovary sessile or shortly stipitate. Legume oblong-linear to linear, few-many seeded, compressed, straight or slightly curbed, dehiscent with often laterally twisting valves."[3]

Specifically, for G. erecta species they are "erect perennial with glabrous or sparsely pubescent stems, mostly 2-4 dm tall. Leaves 3-foliolate with rachis 1-2 mm long; leaflets linear-oblong to oblong or elliptic, mostly 1.5-4 cm long, glabrous. Racemes 1-2 cm long, subsessile; flowers 1-6, on short-pubescent pedicels 1-3 mm long subtended by triangular-subulate bracts 1-1.5 mm long; bractlets triangular-to linear-subulate, 1-2 mm long. Calyx appressed short-pubescent, tube 2-3 mm long, lobes 2-3 mm long; petals pale purple to white, the standard 7-8 mm long. Legume 2-4 cm long, 5-8 mm broad, 6-10 seeded, with short-pubescent valves and sutures." [3]

Distribution

G. erecta is distributed from southeast North Carolina south to the panhandle of Florida, and west to eastern Texas.[1]

Ecology

Habitat

Generally, G. erecta can be mostly found in sandhills within the southeastern coastal plain.[1] This species has been found in open longleaf pine-wiregrass flatwoods along gum swamps, wiregrass savannas, pine-oak upland forests, and clearings within pine flatwoods. This species does well in open light environments in dry loamy sands, drying sand, and sandy-peaty wet soils.[2] G. erecta is vulnerable to disturbance, and is more often found in native groundcover areas.[4] It is considered an indicator species of the Florida panhandle silty longleaf woodlands habitat as well.[5] G. erecta was found to decrease its occurrence in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in southwest Georgia. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished native savannas that were disturbed by agricultural practices.[6] Additionally, G. erecta was found to a decreaser in its short-term response to single mechanical soil disturbances as well as in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.[7]

Associated species seen growing with Galactia erecta include Pinus palustris, Pinus elliotii, Aristida stricta, Quercus species, Tephrosia florida, Aristida, Croton, Berlandiera, Asclepias, Tetragonotheca, Galactia mollis. [2]

Galactia erecta is an indicator species for the Panhandle Silty Longleaf Woodlands community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[8]

Phenology

G. erecta has been observed to have corolla white or light yellowish flowers.[2] “A purple flowered perennial herb about 1 foot high, occurring in dry pine lands of the Coastal Plain from north Carolina to Louisana. Seeds have been recorded from stomach of a single bobwhite.”[9] It has been seen flowering from April to August with peak inflorescence in May and June.[2][10] It has been observed fruiting from June to July and in September.[2]

Seed dispersal

This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity. [11]

Fire ecology

Galactia erecta has been found in recently burned open scrub and is a characteristic species of various fire-dependent habitats.[2][5] It was found that the mean density of G. erecta increases with fire disturbance reintroduction,[12] and populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.[13]

A study describing the effects of a seasonal fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas found that G. erecta produces the most flowers after a late winter/early spring burn (10.9), with flowers decreasing in number after a lightning-season burn (10.2) or after instances without fire (8.4).[14] This study also found that the duration of synchronous flowering was greatest after instances of no fire (142.7 days) and decreased after a late winter/early spring burn (142.3 days) and after a lightning-season burns (77 days).[15] Additionally, the peak flowering activity occurred earliest after instances without fire (190.7 Julian) and occurred later after a late winter/early spring burn (206.3 Julian) and after a lightning-season burn (246.0 Julian).[16] It seems to benefit most from winter and spring burn regiments rather than summer burn regiments with both overall occurrence and biomass.[17]

Herbivory and toxicology

Species in the genus Galactia have been observed to be eaten by gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus).[18]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

It is listed as G4 on the global scale due to its restricted distribution. G. erecta is also critically imperiled in Texas as well as vulnerable in North Carolina.[19]

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, John B. Nelson, R.K. Godfrey, Washington, Loran C. Anderson, Rodie White, William B. Fox, H. L. Blomquist, Sidney McDaniel, H. R. Reed, R. L. Wilbur, Samuel B. Jones, F. H. Sargent, Harry E. Ahles, J. Haesloop, and R. Kral. States and Counties: Florida: Wakulla, Jackson, Bay, Walton, Liberty, and Gadsden. Georgia: Thomas, Baker, and Dodge. North Carolina: Bladen and Onslow. Mississippi: George, McNeill, Lamar, and Pearl River. Alabama: Baldwin and Clarke.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. Print.
  4. ↑ Kirkman, L. K., et al. (2004). "Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna." Journal of Ecology 92(3): 409-421.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.
  6. ↑ Kirkman, L.K., K.L. Coffey, R.J. Mitchell, and E.B. Moser. Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna. (2004). Journal of Ecology 92(3):409-421.
  7. ↑ Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.
  8. ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
  9. ↑ Graham, E. H. (1941). Legumes for erosion control and wildlife. Washington, USDA
  10. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 9 DEC 2016
  11. ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
  12. ↑ Duncan, R. S., et al. (2008). "The effect of fire reintroduction on endemic and rare plants of a southeastern glade ecosystem." Restoration Ecology 16: 39-49.
  13. ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
  14. ↑ Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.
  15. ↑ Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.
  16. ↑ Hiers, J. K., et al. (2000). "The effects of fire regime on legume reproduction in longleaf pine savannas: is a season selective?" Oecologia 125: 521-530.
  17. ↑ Kush, J. S., et al. (2000). Understory plant community response to season of burn in natural longleaf pine forests. Proceedings 21st Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. Fire and forest ecology: innovative silviculture & vegetation management, Tallahassee, FL, Tall Timbers Research, Inc.
  18. ↑ Birkhead, R. D., et al. (2005). "Patterns of folivory and seed ingestion by gopher tortoises (Gopherus polyphemus) in a southeastern pine savanna." American Midland Naturalist 154: 143-151.
  19. ↑ [[1]] NatureServe Explorer. Accessed: May 13, 2019
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