Difference between revisions of "Eleocharis melanocarpa"
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<!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database --> | <!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database --> | ||
{{taxobox | {{taxobox | ||
| − | | name = | + | | name = Eleocharis melanocarpa |
| − | | image = | + | | image = eleocharis_melanocarpa_ahaines_GB.JPG |
| − | | image_caption = Photo by | + | | image_caption = Photo by [https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/eleocharis/melanocarpa/ © Arthur Haines, New England Wild Flower Society] |
| regnum = Plantae | | regnum = Plantae | ||
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | | divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | ||
| − | | classis = Liliopsida - Moncots | + | | classis = Liliopsida - Moncots |
| − | | ordo = | + | | ordo = Poales |
| − | | familia = | + | | familia = Cyperaceae |
| − | | genus = '' | + | | genus = ''Eleocharis'' |
| − | | species = ''''' | + | | species = '''''E. melanocarpa''''' |
| − | | binomial = '' | + | | binomial = ''Eleocharis melanocarpa'' |
| − | | binomial_authority = | + | | binomial_authority = Torr. |
| − | | range_map = | + | | range_map = ELEO_MELA_DIST.JPG |
| − | | range_map_caption = Natural range of '' | + | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Eleocharis melanocarpa'' from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ELME Plants Database]. |
}} | }} | ||
| + | Common names: Black-fruited spikerush, blackfruit spikerush<ref name="Weakley 2015">Weakley A. S.(2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Herbarium.</ref><ref name="USDA">USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 30 November 2017). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref> | ||
==Taxonomic Notes== | ==Taxonomic Notes== | ||
| − | ==Description== | + | Synonyms: none.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
| − | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/ | + | |
| + | Varieties: none.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| + | ==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perennial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| + | ''E. melanocarpa'' is a perennial, monoecious, graminoid, sedge.<ref name="USDA"/> On its seed, the tubercle is very short and dilated with its projecting edge rolled over and surrounding the top of the nut.<ref name="Hill 1898">Hill E. J. (1894). ''Eleocharis melanocarpa'' a proliferous plant. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 25(7):392-394.</ref> The tips of the culms of ''E. melanocarpa'' often arch over and root in the substrate forming a dense tangle. <ref name="Sorrie & Leonard 1999">Sorrie B. A. and Leonard S. W. (1999). Noteworthy records of Mississippi vascular plants. Sida 18:889-908.</ref> It commonly grows in stools containing several roots and five to 20 stems. Stems range in length from 1 to 3.6 ft (0.3 to 1.1 m) in length. Stools are commonly bunched together into clusters 1 ft (0.3 m) or more in diameter.<ref name="Hill 1898"/> | ||
| + | |||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | ''E. melanocarpa'' ranges from Massachusetts to Florida and Mississippi, disjunct to eastern Texas, southern Michigan, and northern Indiana. <ref name="USDA"/><ref name="Sorrie & Leonard 1999"/><ref name="Weakley 2015"/> Despite most studies not listing ''E. melanocarpa'' as occurring in Louisiana, the species has been found in parts of Bienville Parish in 2008 suggesting a more connective distribution along its southern range.<ref name="Reid & Faulkner 2010"/><ref name="Sorrie & Weakley 2001">Sorrie B. A. and Weakley A. S. (2001). Coastal plain vascular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66(1/2):50-82.</ref> Its distribution is the classic view of overall coastal plain disjuncts distributions.<ref name= "Reznicek">Reznicek, A. A. (1994). "The disjunct coastal plain flora in the great lakes region." Biological Conservation 68: 203-215.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | < | + | ''E. melanocarpa'' is a facultative wetland species found in moist to wet ditches and freshwater pond margins,<ref name="Ward & Leigh 1975">Contributions to the flora of Florida: 8, ''Eleocharis'' (Cyperaceae). Castanea 40(1):16-36.</ref> wet pine savannas, and coastal plain bogs.<ref name="Weakley 2015"/> Such occurrences in these habitats are often ephemeral, sandy, and can range from sunny to shady.<ref name="Reid & Faulkner 2010">Reid C. S. and Faulkner P. L. (2010). Louisiana. Castanea 75(1):138-140.</ref> More specifically, this species has been observed in dry loamy sand of open pinewoods, drying and muddy border of an open pond, drying loamy sand of slopes, sinkhole ponds, wet sand, and moist loamy sand at the edge of a pool.<ref name= "herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: May 2019. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, A. Gholson, Jr., Robert K. Godfrey, Melvin Jackson, J. M. Kane, Karen MacClendon, and Travis MacClendon. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Wakulla, and Washington. Georgia: Baker and Thomas.</ref> It has been observed in standing water of at least 6 inches.<ref>Carr, L. G. (1940). "Further notes on coastal floral elements in the bogs of Augusta county, Virginia." Rhodora 42: 86-93.</ref> Unlike other coastal plain disjuncts, this species can become quite dominant in the habitats it is found.<ref name= "Reznicek"/> However, it is still considered to be a rare plant species that is associated with the longleaf pine ecosystem.<ref>Walker, J. (1993). Rare vascular plant taxa associated with the longleaf pine ecosystems: Patterns in taxonomy and ecology. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | Associated species: ''Paspalum laeve'', ''Paspalum setaceum'', ''Rotala ramosior'', ''Panicum hemitomon'', ''Leersid hexandra'', and ''Croton elliottii''.<ref name= "herbarium"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| + | ''E. melanocarpa'' blooms during the months of June and July in more northern parts of its range<ref name="Harper 1918">Harper R. M. (1918). The vegetation of the Hempstead Plains. Proceedings of the semi-centennial anniversary of the Torry Botanical Club. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 17:262-286.</ref> and in July through September in its southern range.<ref name="Weakley 2015"/> | ||
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | ==Conservation and Management= | + | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> |
| + | Despite typically inhabiting wet areas, fires from adjacent habitats (e.g. longleaf pine savannas, sandhill pines, old-field, etc.) are thought to burn into drawn-down areas of wet ponds/ditches. Such burns likely maintain more open canopy conditions benefiting populations of ''E. melanocarpa.'' <ref name="Reid & Faulkner 2010"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Pollination=== | ||
| + | ''E. melanocarpa'' has no organs for attracting insects for pollination. Instead, it relies on the wind to disseminate pollen.<ref name="Harper 1918"/> | ||
| + | <!--===Herbivory and toxicology===--> | ||
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== | ||
| + | This species is listed as endangered by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Program, by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy, Office of Natural Lands Management, and by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management. It is also listed as threatened by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Nature Preserves.<ref name= "USDA"/> Globally, ''E. melanocarpa'' is a G4 status since it is threatened by habitat fragmentation and land-use conversion.<ref>[[http://explorer.natureserve.org]] NatureServe Explorer. Accessed: May 3, 2019</ref> | ||
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 15:12, 27 June 2022
| Eleocharis melanocarpa | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by © Arthur Haines, New England Wild Flower Society | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Liliopsida - Moncots |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Cyperaceae |
| Genus: | Eleocharis |
| Species: | E. melanocarpa |
| Binomial name | |
| Eleocharis melanocarpa Torr. | |
| |
| Natural range of Eleocharis melanocarpa from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Black-fruited spikerush, blackfruit spikerush[1][2]
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Synonyms: none.[3]
Varieties: none.[3]
Description
E. melanocarpa is a perennial, monoecious, graminoid, sedge.[2] On its seed, the tubercle is very short and dilated with its projecting edge rolled over and surrounding the top of the nut.[4] The tips of the culms of E. melanocarpa often arch over and root in the substrate forming a dense tangle. [5] It commonly grows in stools containing several roots and five to 20 stems. Stems range in length from 1 to 3.6 ft (0.3 to 1.1 m) in length. Stools are commonly bunched together into clusters 1 ft (0.3 m) or more in diameter.[4]
Distribution
E. melanocarpa ranges from Massachusetts to Florida and Mississippi, disjunct to eastern Texas, southern Michigan, and northern Indiana. [2][5][1] Despite most studies not listing E. melanocarpa as occurring in Louisiana, the species has been found in parts of Bienville Parish in 2008 suggesting a more connective distribution along its southern range.[6][7] Its distribution is the classic view of overall coastal plain disjuncts distributions.[8]
Ecology
Habitat
E. melanocarpa is a facultative wetland species found in moist to wet ditches and freshwater pond margins,[9] wet pine savannas, and coastal plain bogs.[1] Such occurrences in these habitats are often ephemeral, sandy, and can range from sunny to shady.[6] More specifically, this species has been observed in dry loamy sand of open pinewoods, drying and muddy border of an open pond, drying loamy sand of slopes, sinkhole ponds, wet sand, and moist loamy sand at the edge of a pool.[10] It has been observed in standing water of at least 6 inches.[11] Unlike other coastal plain disjuncts, this species can become quite dominant in the habitats it is found.[8] However, it is still considered to be a rare plant species that is associated with the longleaf pine ecosystem.[12]
Associated species: Paspalum laeve, Paspalum setaceum, Rotala ramosior, Panicum hemitomon, Leersid hexandra, and Croton elliottii.[10]
Phenology
E. melanocarpa blooms during the months of June and July in more northern parts of its range[13] and in July through September in its southern range.[1]
Fire ecology
Despite typically inhabiting wet areas, fires from adjacent habitats (e.g. longleaf pine savannas, sandhill pines, old-field, etc.) are thought to burn into drawn-down areas of wet ponds/ditches. Such burns likely maintain more open canopy conditions benefiting populations of E. melanocarpa. [6]
Pollination
E. melanocarpa has no organs for attracting insects for pollination. Instead, it relies on the wind to disseminate pollen.[13]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
This species is listed as endangered by the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Natural Heritage Program, by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy, Office of Natural Lands Management, and by the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management. It is also listed as threatened by the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Division of Nature Preserves.[2] Globally, E. melanocarpa is a G4 status since it is threatened by habitat fragmentation and land-use conversion.[14]
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Weakley A. S.(2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Herbarium.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 30 November 2017). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hill E. J. (1894). Eleocharis melanocarpa a proliferous plant. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club. 25(7):392-394.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Sorrie B. A. and Leonard S. W. (1999). Noteworthy records of Mississippi vascular plants. Sida 18:889-908.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Reid C. S. and Faulkner P. L. (2010). Louisiana. Castanea 75(1):138-140.
- ↑ Sorrie B. A. and Weakley A. S. (2001). Coastal plain vascular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66(1/2):50-82.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Reznicek, A. A. (1994). "The disjunct coastal plain flora in the great lakes region." Biological Conservation 68: 203-215.
- ↑ Contributions to the flora of Florida: 8, Eleocharis (Cyperaceae). Castanea 40(1):16-36.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: May 2019. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, A. Gholson, Jr., Robert K. Godfrey, Melvin Jackson, J. M. Kane, Karen MacClendon, and Travis MacClendon. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Wakulla, and Washington. Georgia: Baker and Thomas.
- ↑ Carr, L. G. (1940). "Further notes on coastal floral elements in the bogs of Augusta county, Virginia." Rhodora 42: 86-93.
- ↑ Walker, J. (1993). Rare vascular plant taxa associated with the longleaf pine ecosystems: Patterns in taxonomy and ecology. Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference, Tall Timbers Research Station, Tallahassee, FL.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Harper R. M. (1918). The vegetation of the Hempstead Plains. Proceedings of the semi-centennial anniversary of the Torry Botanical Club. Memoirs of the Torrey Botanical Club 17:262-286.
- ↑ [[1]] NatureServe Explorer. Accessed: May 3, 2019
