Difference between revisions of "Ipomoea pandurata"

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| familia = Convolvulaceae
 
| familia = Convolvulaceae
 
| genus = ''Ipomoea''
 
| genus = ''Ipomoea''
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| species = '''''I. caroliniana'''''
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| species = '''''I. pandurata'''''
 
| binomial = ''Ipomoea pandurata''
 
| binomial = ''Ipomoea pandurata''
 
| binomial_authority = (L.) G. Mey.
 
| binomial_authority = (L.) G. Mey.
 
| range_map = IPOM_PAND_dist.jpg
 
| range_map = IPOM_PAND_dist.jpg
−
| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Ipomoea pandurata'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov Plants Database].
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Ipomoea pandurata'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=IPPA Plants Database].
 
}}
 
}}
 +
Common names: man-of-the-earth, wild sweet potato, manroot<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
 +
==Taxonomic notes==
 +
Synonyms: none<ref name=weakley/>
 +
 +
Varieties: ''Ipomoea pandurata'' var. ''pandurata''; ''I. pandurata'' var. ''rubescens'' Choisy<ref name=weakley/>
  
−
Common name: Carolina indigo
 
 
==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
−
Ipomoea pandurata, a perennial morning glory, has a large storage root and heart-shaped leaves (fig. 2). The plant forms one or more trailing vines that will grow along any surface. Produces a new shoot every year.<ref name="Freeman 2004"/>
+
''Ipomoea pandurata'' is a perennial trailing vine, with heart-shaped leaves, has a large storage root, and makes a new shoot every year.<ref name=free>Freeman, D. Carl, Michelle L. Brown, Jeffrey J. Duda, John H. Graham, John M. Emlen, Anthony J. Krzysik, Harold E. Balbach, David A. Kovacic, and John C. Zak. "Photosynthesis and Fluctuating Asymmetry as Indicators of Plant Response to Soil Disturbance in the Fall‐Line Sandhills of Georgia: A Case Study Using Rhus Copallinum and Ipomoea Pandurata." International Journal of Plant Sciences 165.5 (2004): 805-16. Web. 24 June 2013.</ref>  The storage root can exceed 20 kg and can be cooked and eaten.<ref>Hammer, Roger. 2016. Posted to Florida Ecology and Ecosystematics Facebook Group, 11 JAN 2017.</ref> This species thrives in canopy opening and in thickets.<ref name=free/>
 +
 
 +
Herbaceous annual or perennial vines, or rarely a shrubby perennial. Flowers axillary, solitary, or in 2-5 flowered cymes. Calyx lobes 5, often imbricate; corolla campanulate to funnel-form, or salverform in 2 species; stamens 5, inserted in the corolla tube alternate with the lobes; stigma globose, entire or slightly lobed, style 1, ovary 2-or-4 locular. Capsule 2-4 valved; seeds 2-6, sometimes villous. A large genus of primarily tropical plants, some of which were introduced as horticultural plants and have escaped to become noxious weeds.<ref name="Radford et al 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 864-8. Print.</ref>
 +
 
 +
Trailing, glabrate, or weakly pubescent perennial from an enlarged root. Leaves ovate, entire or pandurate, 3.5-8 cm long, 2.5-8 cm wide, cordate, often pubescent beneath. Peduncles 1-5 flowered; pedicel glabrous, stout; calyx lobes coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, 12-15 mm long, glabrous, strongly imbricate; corolla campanulate, 6-8 cm long, about as broad, the limb white, the tube lavender within; anthers 5-7 mm  long, stamens and stigma included. Capsule ovoid, ca. 1 cm long; seeds villous on the angles.<ref name="Radford et al 1964"/>
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
 +
This plant is found north in Connecticut, New York, and southern Ontario, west in Ohio, southern, Mississippi, and Kansas, then south in central peninsular Florida and east Texas.<ref name=weakley/>
 +
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
−
Net photosynthesis did not differ significantly among the disturbance levels. However, whether a site was burned in the previous year clearly influenced net photosynthesis. Low sites that had been burned recently tended to have lower net photosynthesis than unburned low disturbance
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It was observed that ''I. pandurata''’s growth in recently-burned areas is low. However, in areas that are unburned and have low disturbance, it exhibits higher growth rates.<ref name=free/>
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sites. Recently burned medium sites had much higher net photosynthesis than unburned medium sites. The highest rate of photosynthesis occurred at the burned medium and
+
 
−
high sites.<ref name="Freeman 2004"/> We found that recent prescribed burning, a management tool used to promote the growth of longleaf pine in this ecosystem, elevated levels of net photosynthesis for both ground
 
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cover species that we examined as stress indicators. In species with underground perennating organs, burning has been shown to stimulate rates of net photosynthesis (Schlesinger
 
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and Gill 1980; Oechel and Hastings 1983; Fleck et al. 1998).<ref>citation needed</ref> Although a flush of nutrients immediately follows burning, with an increase in mineralized nitrogen potentially persisting
 
−
for up to a year (Choromanska and DeLuca 2001)<ref>citation needed</ref>, most of the increase in net photosynthesis is believed to be the result of a change in the ratio of roots to shoots. The new smaller
 
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shoots have a proportionately larger root system that provides ample water and nutrients (Fleck et al. 1998).<ref>citation needed</ref><ref name="Freeman 2004"/>
 
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
−
This species does well in canopy openings in dry woods and thickets.<ref name="Freeman 2004">Freeman, D. C., M. L. Brown, et al. (2004). "Photosynthesis and fluctuating asymmetry as indicators of plant response to soil disturbance in the fall-line sandhills of Georgia: a case study using Rhus copallinum and Ipomoea pandurata." International Journal of Plant Sciences 165: 805-816.</ref> This species has also been observed to grow in open pine-oak scrub, along roadsides, and in open fields (FSU Herbarium).
+
''Ipomoea pandurata'' grows in well-drained uplands, sandhills, and open pine-oak scrub.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref name=weakley/>  It is also observed to grow in disturbed areas, such as roadsides and open fields.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014.  Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R. F. Doren, R. Komarek, R. A. Norris, and Gwynn W. Ramsey. States and Counties: Florida: Gadsden and Leon. Georgia: Brooks, Grady, and Thomas.</ref> A study exploring longleaf pine patch dynamics found ''I. pandurata'' to be most strongly represented within longleaf pine gaps and under patches of longleaf that are up to 50 years of age.<ref>Mugnani et al. (2019). “Longleaf Pine Patch Dynamics Influence Ground-Layer Vegetation in Old-Growth Pine Savanna”.</ref>
  
 +
''I. pandurata'' was found to be a decreaser in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.<ref name=Dixon>Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.</ref>
  
 +
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 +
''I. pandurata'' has been observed to flower from May to September with peak inflorescence in May and June.<ref>Nelson, G.  [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/  Accessed: 12 DEC 2016</ref><ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> Observed growing after a burn at the end of May/early June (Arata 1959).
  
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===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 
 
===Seed dispersal===
 
===Seed dispersal===
−
===Seed bank and germination===
+
This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.<ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> 
 +
<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
 +
 
 
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
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It appeared growing after a burn at the end of May/early June.<ref>Arata, A. A. (1959). "Effects of burning on vegetation and rodent populations in a longleaf pine-turkey oak association in north central Florida." Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 22: 94-104.</ref> It occurs in mostly longleaf pine communities that are annually burned as well (FSU Herbarium).
+
Populations of ''Ipomoea pandurata'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> This species was observed growing after a burn at the end of May/early June.<ref name=ar> Arata, A. A. "Effects of burning on vegetation and rodent populations in a longleaf pine-turkey oak association in north central Florida." Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 22 (1959): 94-104.</ref> It occurs in mostly longleaf pine communities that are annually burned as well.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>
 +
 
 +
===Pollination===
 +
''Ipomoea pandurata'' has been observed to host pollinators from the Apidae family such as ''Anthophora abrupta, Bombus impatiens, B. pensylvanicus, B. vagans, Cemolobus ipomoeae, Melitoma taurea,'' and ''Peponapis pruinosa.''<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref>
 +
<!--===Herbivory and toxicology===-->
 +
<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
 +
 
 +
==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
 +
 
 +
==Cultural use==
 +
Historically, the large sweet potato-like root of the plant has been consumed by Native Americans.<ref> Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.</ref>
  
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===Pollination===
 
−
===Use by animals=== <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
 
−
===Diseases and parasites===
 
−
==Conservation and Management==
 
−
Physical habitat disturbance was caused by activities associated with infantry training, including mechanized elements (tanks and personnel carriers) and foot soldiers. In addition, we examined the influence of prescribed burns and microhabitat effects (within meter-square quadrats centered about the plant) on these measures of plant stress. Net photosynthesis declined with increasing disturbance in the absence of burning for both species. However,
 
−
when sites were burned the previous year, net photosynthesis increased with increasing disturbance.<ref name="Freeman 2004"/>
 
−
==Cultivation and restoration==
 
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 +
<gallery widths=180px>
 +
File:Ipomoea pandurata 1.jpg| <center> ''Ipomoea pandurata'' root <p> Photo by Kevin Robertson </p> <p>Pebble Hill Plantation</p> <p>2015</p>
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File:Ipomoea pandurata 3.jpg| <center> ''Ipomoea pandurata'' root <p> Photo by Kevin Robertson </p> <p>Pebble Hill Plantation</p> <p>2015</p>
 +
 +
</gallery>
 +
 
==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==
−
Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014.  Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R. F. Doren, R. Komarek, R. A. Norris, and Gwynn W. Ramsey.  States and Counties: Florida: Gadsden and Leon. Georgia: Brooks, Grady, and Thomas.
 

Latest revision as of 14:43, 2 August 2024

Ipomoea pandurata
21.jpg
Photo taken by Gil Nelson
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Order: Solanales
Family: Convolvulaceae
Genus: Ipomoea
Species: I. pandurata
Binomial name
Ipomoea pandurata
(L.) G. Mey.
IPOM PAND dist.jpg
Natural range of Ipomoea pandurata from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common names: man-of-the-earth, wild sweet potato, manroot[1]

Taxonomic notes

Synonyms: none[1]

Varieties: Ipomoea pandurata var. pandurata; I. pandurata var. rubescens Choisy[1]

Description

Ipomoea pandurata is a perennial trailing vine, with heart-shaped leaves, has a large storage root, and makes a new shoot every year.[2] The storage root can exceed 20 kg and can be cooked and eaten.[3] This species thrives in canopy opening and in thickets.[2]

Herbaceous annual or perennial vines, or rarely a shrubby perennial. Flowers axillary, solitary, or in 2-5 flowered cymes. Calyx lobes 5, often imbricate; corolla campanulate to funnel-form, or salverform in 2 species; stamens 5, inserted in the corolla tube alternate with the lobes; stigma globose, entire or slightly lobed, style 1, ovary 2-or-4 locular. Capsule 2-4 valved; seeds 2-6, sometimes villous. A large genus of primarily tropical plants, some of which were introduced as horticultural plants and have escaped to become noxious weeds.[4]

Trailing, glabrate, or weakly pubescent perennial from an enlarged root. Leaves ovate, entire or pandurate, 3.5-8 cm long, 2.5-8 cm wide, cordate, often pubescent beneath. Peduncles 1-5 flowered; pedicel glabrous, stout; calyx lobes coriaceous, oblong-elliptic, 12-15 mm long, glabrous, strongly imbricate; corolla campanulate, 6-8 cm long, about as broad, the limb white, the tube lavender within; anthers 5-7 mm long, stamens and stigma included. Capsule ovoid, ca. 1 cm long; seeds villous on the angles.[4]

Distribution

This plant is found north in Connecticut, New York, and southern Ontario, west in Ohio, southern, Mississippi, and Kansas, then south in central peninsular Florida and east Texas.[1]

Ecology

It was observed that I. pandurata’s growth in recently-burned areas is low. However, in areas that are unburned and have low disturbance, it exhibits higher growth rates.[2]

Habitat

Ipomoea pandurata grows in well-drained uplands, sandhills, and open pine-oak scrub.[5][1] It is also observed to grow in disturbed areas, such as roadsides and open fields.[5] A study exploring longleaf pine patch dynamics found I. pandurata to be most strongly represented within longleaf pine gaps and under patches of longleaf that are up to 50 years of age.[6]

I. pandurata was found to be a decreaser in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.[7]

Phenology

I. pandurata has been observed to flower from May to September with peak inflorescence in May and June.[8][5] Observed growing after a burn at the end of May/early June (Arata 1959).

Seed dispersal

This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.[9]

Fire ecology

Populations of Ipomoea pandurata have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.[10] This species was observed growing after a burn at the end of May/early June.[11] It occurs in mostly longleaf pine communities that are annually burned as well.[5]

Pollination

Ipomoea pandurata has been observed to host pollinators from the Apidae family such as Anthophora abrupta, Bombus impatiens, B. pensylvanicus, B. vagans, Cemolobus ipomoeae, Melitoma taurea, and Peponapis pruinosa.[12]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

Cultural use

Historically, the large sweet potato-like root of the plant has been consumed by Native Americans.[13]

Photo Gallery

  • Ipomoea pandurata root

    Photo by Kevin Robertson

    Pebble Hill Plantation

    2015

  • Ipomoea pandurata root

    Photo by Kevin Robertson

    Pebble Hill Plantation

    2015

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Freeman, D. Carl, Michelle L. Brown, Jeffrey J. Duda, John H. Graham, John M. Emlen, Anthony J. Krzysik, Harold E. Balbach, David A. Kovacic, and John C. Zak. "Photosynthesis and Fluctuating Asymmetry as Indicators of Plant Response to Soil Disturbance in the Fall‐Line Sandhills of Georgia: A Case Study Using Rhus Copallinum and Ipomoea Pandurata." International Journal of Plant Sciences 165.5 (2004): 805-16. Web. 24 June 2013.
  3. ↑ Hammer, Roger. 2016. Posted to Florida Ecology and Ecosystematics Facebook Group, 11 JAN 2017.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 864-8. Print.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R. F. Doren, R. Komarek, R. A. Norris, and Gwynn W. Ramsey. States and Counties: Florida: Gadsden and Leon. Georgia: Brooks, Grady, and Thomas.
  6. ↑ Mugnani et al. (2019). “Longleaf Pine Patch Dynamics Influence Ground-Layer Vegetation in Old-Growth Pine Savanna”.
  7. ↑ Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.
  8. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 12 DEC 2016
  9. ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
  10. ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
  11. ↑ Arata, A. A. "Effects of burning on vegetation and rodent populations in a longleaf pine-turkey oak association in north central Florida." Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 22 (1959): 94-104.
  12. ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
  13. ↑ Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
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