Difference between revisions of "Quercus laevis"

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{{taxobox
 
{{taxobox
 
| name = Quercus laevis
 
| name = Quercus laevis
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| image = Insert.jpg
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| image = Quercus laevis PH 2015-10.JPG ‎
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| image_caption =  
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| image_caption = Photo by Kevin Robertson
 
| regnum = Plantae
 
| regnum = Plantae
 
| divisio = Tracheophyta- Vascular plants
 
| divisio = Tracheophyta- Vascular plants
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| binomial_authority = Walter
 
| binomial_authority = Walter
 
| range_map = quer_laev_dist.jpg
 
| range_map = quer_laev_dist.jpg
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Quercus laevis'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov Plants Database].
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Quercus laevis'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=QULA2 Plants Database].
 
}}
 
}}
  
 
Common name: Turkey oak  
 
Common name: Turkey oak  
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==Taxonomic notes==
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Synonym: ''Quercus catesbaei'' Michaux.<ref>Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draf of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
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==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
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==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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''Quercus laevis'' is endemic to the longleaf pine range from southeastern Virginia to central Florida and west to southeast Texas.<ref>Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.</ref>
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==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
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''Quercus laevis'' is restricted to native groundcover with a statistical affinity in upland pinelands of South Georgia (Ostertag and Robertson 2007).
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''Q. laevis'' has been found in sandy scrub, scrub oak sand ridge, open pine-oak woodland, and open longleaf pine forest.<ref name="FSU"> Florida State University Herbarium Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, George R. Cooley, R. A. Davidson, Robert K. Godfrey, Robert L. Lazor, Joseph Monachino, and R. F. Thorne. States and counties: Florida: Franklin, Hernando, Leon, and Okaloosa.</ref> It is also found in disturbed areas like secondary slash pine forest.<ref name="FSU"/>
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Associated species: ''Q. incana, Baptisia lecontei, Pteridium aquilinum, Sassafras albidum, Bapitisa lecontei, Pteridium aquilinum'', and ''Sassafras albidum''.<ref name="FSU"/>
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''Quercus laevis'' is restricted to native groundcover with a statistical affinity in upland pinelands of South Georgia.<ref name=ost>Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.</ref>
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 +
''Q. laevis'' reduced its occurrence in response to agriculture-based soil disturbance in South Carolina longleaf forest communities.<ref>Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.</ref> It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished longleaf pinelands that were disturbed by agriculture, making it a remnant woodland indicator species.<ref>Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.</ref> This species has become absent in response to military training in west Georgia longleaf forests.<ref>Dale, V.H., S.C. Beyeler, and B. Jackson. (2002). Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. Ecological Indicators 1(3):155-170.</ref> It has reduced its frequency and density in response to roller chopping in northwest Florida sandhills.<ref>Hebb, E.A. (1971). Site Preparation Decreases Game Food Plants in Florida Sandhills. The Journal of Wildlife Management 35(1):155-162.</ref> Additionally, ''Q. laevis'' has become absent and decreased its occurrence in response to agriculture in southwest Georgia.<ref name=ost/>
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This species was unaffected by agriculture in North Carolina longleaf pinelands.<ref>Brudvig, L.A., J.L. Orrock, E.I. Damschen, C.D. Collins, P.G. Hahn, W.B. Mattingly, J.W. Veldman, and J.L. Walker. (2014). Land-Use History and Contemporary Management Inform an Ecological Reference Model for Longleaf Pine Woodland Understory Plant Communities. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86604.</ref>
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 +
It increased its density in response to roller chopping in west Florida pinelands. It has shown regrowth in reestablished pineland that were disturbed by this practice.<ref>Burns, R.M. and R.D. McReynolds. (1972). Scheduling and Intensity of Site Preparation for Pine in West Florida Sandhills. Journal of Forestry 70(12):737-740.</ref>
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 +
When exposed to soil disturbance by military training in West Georgia, ''Quercus laevis'' is frequent and abundant in the Peninsula Xeric Sandhills and Panhandle Xeric Sandhills community types as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref> When exposed to soil disturbance by military training in West Georgia,''Quercus laevis'' is frequent and abundant in the Peninsula Xeric Sandhills and Panhandle Xeric Sandhills community types as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref>
  
 
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
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''Quercus laevis'' has been observed to flower from March to June.<ref>Nelson, G.  [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/  Accessed: 19 MAY 2021</ref>
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===Seed dispersal===
 
===Seed dispersal===
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===Seed bank and germination===
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This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.<ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> 
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<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
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===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
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===Pollination===
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Populations of ''Quercus laevis'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref><ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref>
  
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===Use by animals=== <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
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<!--===Pollination===-->
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===Diseases and parasites===
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===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Common herbivores, granivory, insect hosting, poisonous chemicals, allelopathy, etc-->
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==Conservation and Management==
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''Quercus laevis'' has been observed to host froghoppers such as ''Prosapia bicincta'' (family Cercopidae), as well as planthoppers such as ''Oecleus borealis'' (family Cixiidae), members of the Achilidae family such as ''Catonia cinctifrons, Catonia nava'', and ''Metcalfa pruinosa'' (family Flatidae), treehoppers from the Membracidae family such as ''Cyrtolobus fuliginosus, C. ovatus, C. puritanus, C. tuberosus, Ophiderma definita, O. pubescens,'' and ''Smilia camelus'', and plant bugs from the Miridae family such as ''Atractotomus miniatus'', ''Lygus lineolaris'', and ''Pseudoxenetus regalis''.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> The acorns of ''Quercus laevis'' have been identified as a major food source for white-tailed deer, black bears, northern
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==Cultivation and restoration==
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bobwhite quail, and wild turkeys.<ref>Harlow, R.F., 1990. Quercus laevis Walt. Turkey Oak. Silvics of North America, 2.</ref>
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<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
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 +
==Cultural use==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
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<gallery widths=180px>
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</gallery>
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==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==
−
Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.
 

Latest revision as of 09:48, 15 July 2022

Quercus laevis
Quercus laevis PH 2015-10.JPG
Photo by Kevin Robertson
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Tracheophyta- Vascular plants
Class: Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons
Order: Fagales
Family: Fagaceae
Genus: Quercus
Species: Q. laevis
Binomial name
Quercus laevis
Walter
Quer laev dist.jpg
Natural range of Quercus laevis from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common name: Turkey oak

Taxonomic notes

Synonym: Quercus catesbaei Michaux.[1]

Description

A description of Quercus laevis is provided in The Flora of North America.

Distribution

Quercus laevis is endemic to the longleaf pine range from southeastern Virginia to central Florida and west to southeast Texas.[2]

Ecology

Habitat

Q. laevis has been found in sandy scrub, scrub oak sand ridge, open pine-oak woodland, and open longleaf pine forest.[3] It is also found in disturbed areas like secondary slash pine forest.[3]

Associated species: Q. incana, Baptisia lecontei, Pteridium aquilinum, Sassafras albidum, Bapitisa lecontei, Pteridium aquilinum, and Sassafras albidum.[3]

Quercus laevis is restricted to native groundcover with a statistical affinity in upland pinelands of South Georgia.[4]

Q. laevis reduced its occurrence in response to agriculture-based soil disturbance in South Carolina longleaf forest communities.[5] It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished longleaf pinelands that were disturbed by agriculture, making it a remnant woodland indicator species.[6] This species has become absent in response to military training in west Georgia longleaf forests.[7] It has reduced its frequency and density in response to roller chopping in northwest Florida sandhills.[8] Additionally, Q. laevis has become absent and decreased its occurrence in response to agriculture in southwest Georgia.[4]

This species was unaffected by agriculture in North Carolina longleaf pinelands.[9]

It increased its density in response to roller chopping in west Florida pinelands. It has shown regrowth in reestablished pineland that were disturbed by this practice.[10]

When exposed to soil disturbance by military training in West Georgia, Quercus laevis is frequent and abundant in the Peninsula Xeric Sandhills and Panhandle Xeric Sandhills community types as described in Carr et al. (2010).[11] When exposed to soil disturbance by military training in West Georgia,Quercus laevis is frequent and abundant in the Peninsula Xeric Sandhills and Panhandle Xeric Sandhills community types as described in Carr et al. (2010).[12]

Phenology

Quercus laevis has been observed to flower from March to June.[13]

Seed dispersal

This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.[14]

Fire ecology

Populations of Quercus laevis have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.[15][16]

Herbivory and toxicology

Quercus laevis has been observed to host froghoppers such as Prosapia bicincta (family Cercopidae), as well as planthoppers such as Oecleus borealis (family Cixiidae), members of the Achilidae family such as Catonia cinctifrons, Catonia nava, and Metcalfa pruinosa (family Flatidae), treehoppers from the Membracidae family such as Cyrtolobus fuliginosus, C. ovatus, C. puritanus, C. tuberosus, Ophiderma definita, O. pubescens, and Smilia camelus, and plant bugs from the Miridae family such as Atractotomus miniatus, Lygus lineolaris, and Pseudoxenetus regalis.[17] The acorns of Quercus laevis have been identified as a major food source for white-tailed deer, black bears, northern bobwhite quail, and wild turkeys.[18]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draf of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. ↑ Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Florida State University Herbarium Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, George R. Cooley, R. A. Davidson, Robert K. Godfrey, Robert L. Lazor, Joseph Monachino, and R. F. Thorne. States and counties: Florida: Franklin, Hernando, Leon, and Okaloosa.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.
  5. ↑ Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.
  6. ↑ Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.
  7. ↑ Dale, V.H., S.C. Beyeler, and B. Jackson. (2002). Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. Ecological Indicators 1(3):155-170.
  8. ↑ Hebb, E.A. (1971). Site Preparation Decreases Game Food Plants in Florida Sandhills. The Journal of Wildlife Management 35(1):155-162.
  9. ↑ Brudvig, L.A., J.L. Orrock, E.I. Damschen, C.D. Collins, P.G. Hahn, W.B. Mattingly, J.W. Veldman, and J.L. Walker. (2014). Land-Use History and Contemporary Management Inform an Ecological Reference Model for Longleaf Pine Woodland Understory Plant Communities. PLoS ONE 9(1): e86604.
  10. ↑ Burns, R.M. and R.D. McReynolds. (1972). Scheduling and Intensity of Site Preparation for Pine in West Florida Sandhills. Journal of Forestry 70(12):737-740.
  11. ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
  12. ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
  13. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 19 MAY 2021
  14. ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
  15. ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
  16. ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
  17. ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
  18. ↑ Harlow, R.F., 1990. Quercus laevis Walt. Turkey Oak. Silvics of North America, 2.
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