Difference between revisions of "Hypericum microsepalum"

From Coastal Plain Plants Wiki
Jump to: navigation, search
(Description)
(Ecology)
 
(48 intermediate revisions by 12 users not shown)
Line 3: Line 3:
 
{{taxobox
 
{{taxobox
 
| name = Hypericum microsepalum
 
| name = Hypericum microsepalum
| image = Insert.jpg
+
| image = FL 346.jpg
| image_caption =  
+
| image_caption = Photo taken by Gil Nelson
 
| regnum = Plantae
 
| regnum = Plantae
 
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
 
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Line 15: Line 15:
 
| binomial_authority = (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray ex S. Watson
 
| binomial_authority = (Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray ex S. Watson
 
| range_map = HYPE_MICR_dist.jpg
 
| range_map = HYPE_MICR_dist.jpg
| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Hypericum microsepalum'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov Plants Database].
+
| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Hypericum microsepalum'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=HYMI4 Plants Database].
 
}}
 
}}
 +
 +
Common name: Flatwoods St. Johnswort
 +
==Taxonomic notes==
 +
Synonyms: ''Crookea microsepala'' (Torr. & A. Gray) Small<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
 +
 +
Varieties: none<ref name=weakley/>
 +
 
==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
Hypericum microsepalum, H. brachyphyllum, and H. chapmanii are evergreen, arborescent plants that occur along coastal ecoclines of the Florida panhandle (nomenclature follows Godfrey 1988).<ref>citations needed</ref>
+
''Hypericum microsepalum'' is an evergreen, arborescent plant that occurs along coastal ecoclines of the Florida panhandle (nomenclature follows Godfrey 1988).
  
Common Name: flatwoods St. Johnswort
+
“Usually glabrous herbs or shrubs. Leaves usually punctate, simple, opposite, entire, usually sessile or subsessile, exstipulate. Inflorescence basically cymose; flowers perfect, regular, bracteates, subsessile or short-pedicellate, sepals 2, 4, or 5, persistent; petals 4 or 5, usually marcescent, yellow or pink; stamens 5-numerous, separate or connate basally forming 3-5 clusters or fascicles, filaments usually persistent; carpels 2-5, stigmas and styles separate or fused, ovary superior, 1-locular or partly or wholly 2-5 locular, placentation axile or parietal. Capsules basically ovoid, longitudinally dehiscent, styles usually persistent; seeds numerous, lustrous, areolate, cylindric, or oblong. In general, our species form a polymorphic complex with many intergrading taxa.”<ref name="Radford et al 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 709. Print.</ref>
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
 +
This plant occurs from southern Georgia to the Florida Panhandle.<ref name=weakley/>
 +
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
Hypericum microsepalum and H. brachyphyllum are shrubby in habit, producing multiple shoots from the base, whereas H. chapmanii produces a single stem with thick, flaky bark (Godfrey 1988; Robson 2003).<ref>citations needed</ref> Hypericum microsepalum, in particular, has high survival when transplanted in lowland areas,  but the populations quickly decline in the absence of fire.<ref name="Crandall 2013"/>
+
''Hypericum microsepalum'' and ''H. brachyphyllum'' are both shrubby in habit, producing multiple shoots from the base whereas ''H. chapmanii'' produces a single stem with thick, flaky bark.<ref name="Crandall 2013"/> ''Hypericum microsepalum'' has a high survival rate when transplanted in lowland areas however the populations quickly decline in the absence of fire.<ref name="Crandall 2013"/>
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
Hypericum microsepalum (obligate resprouter) was associated with upland, drier pine savannas where fires are frequent and typically burn uniformly across landscapes (2–3 year fire frequency). Hypericum species had habitat associations with different elevation categories along ecoclines. Hypericum microsepalum had positive associations with upland plots and negative associations with intermediate and lowland plots.<ref name="Crandall 2013">Crandall, R. M. and W. J. Platt (2012). "Habitat and fire heterogeneity explain the co-occurrence of congeneric resprouter and reseeder Hypericum spp. along a Florida pine savanna ecoline." Plant Ecology 213: 1643-1654.</ref> Found in Pine savanna and seepage bog community types of Florida.<ref name="Drewa et al 2002">Drewa, P., W. Platt, et al. (2002). "Community Structure along Elevation Gradients in Headwater Regions of Longleaf Pine Savannas." Plant Ecology 160(1): 61-78.</ref> H. microsepalum is one of the most abundant seepage savanna shrubs that resprout from root crowns.<ref name="Drewa et al 2006">Drewa, P. B., J. M. Thaxton, et al. (2006). "Responses of root-crown bearing shrubs to differences in fire regimes in Pinus palustris (Longleaf pine) savannas: exploring old-growth questions in second-growth systems." Applied Vegetation Science 9: 27-36.</ref>
+
''Hypericum microsepalum'' is associated with dry upland pine savannas where there is a 2–3 year fire frequency.<ref name="Crandall 2013">Crandall, R. M. and W. J. Platt (2012). "Habitat and fire heterogeneity explain the co-occurrence of congeneric resprouter and reseeder ''Hypericum'' spp. along a Florida pine savanna ecoline." Plant Ecology 213: 1643-1654.</ref> It also frequent moist to wet pine flatwoods.<ref name=weakley/> This species is one of the most abundant seepage savanna shrubs that resprouts from the root crowns.<ref name="Drewa et al 2006">Drewa, P. B., J. M. Thaxton, et al. (2006). "Responses of root-crown bearing shrubs to differences in fire regimes in ''Pinus palustris'' (Longleaf pine) savannas: exploring old-growth questions in second-growth systems." Applied Vegetation Science 9: 27-36.</ref>  
 +
 
 +
It generally occurs in sandy soil, and in addition to the native habitat types as mentioned above, it can be found in some disturbed habitats such as roadsides.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014.  Collectors: John Jensen, Carl Noedman, Preston Adams, Robert K. Godfrey. Sidney McDaniel, Mark A Garland, Preston Adams, Walter S. Judd, Kent D. Perkins, Scott Zona, Loran C. Anderson, William P. Adams, Robert Kral, H. E. Grelen, M. Knott, L. B. Trott, Steve L. Orzell, M. Davis, K. M. Meyer, and A. Townesmith.  States and Counties:  Florida: Bay, Calhoun, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, Liberty, Madison, Marianna, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Thomas.</ref>
 +
 
 +
Associated species includes ''Cyrilla parvifolia, Vaccinium darrowi, V. myrsinites, Ilex glabra, Polygala lutea, P. nana, Xyris brevifolia, Lyonia mariana, Myrica cerifera, Gaylussacia nana, Lobelia paludosa, Salix caroliniana Hypericum galioides, Myrica, Vaccinium, Aristida stricta, Ilex glabra, Pinus palustris,'' and ''Serenoa repens''.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>
 +
 
 
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 +
''H. microsepalum'' has been observed flowering January through July, and in November and December with peak inflorescence in March.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref>Nelson, G.  [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/  Accessed: 12 DEC 2016</ref> Fruiting has been observed in January through May, as well as in July.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/>
 +
 
===Seed dispersal===
 
===Seed dispersal===
All species produce perfect flowers and dehiscent, septicidal capsules containing numerous seeds. Seeds are dispersed by gravity and occasionally by birds (Robson 2003).<ref>citations needed</ref>  
+
All species produce perfect flowers and the dehiscent, septicidal capsules contain numerous seeds. Seeds are dispersed by gravity and occasionally by birds.<ref name="Drewa et al 2002">Drewa, P., W. Platt, et al. (2002). "Community Structure along Elevation Gradients in Headwater Regions of Longleaf Pine Savannas." Plant Ecology 160(1): 61-78.</ref>
 +
 
 
===Seed bank and germination===
 
===Seed bank and germination===
All species have life spans 10 years and persistent seed banks.<ref name="Crandall 2013"/>
+
All species have life spans of approximately 10 years and persistent seed banks.<ref name="Crandall 2013"/>
 +
 
 
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
“Biennial dormant and growing season fires affected Hypericum microsepalum. Stem densities were eight times greater after dormant season than growing season fires, but not significantly (P = 0.218). They also changed with time (P < 0.001), and were affected by treatment interactions (P = 0.039). Densities were 5 times greater after a first set of dormant season than growing season fires, but responses were variable (P = 0.258; Fig. 1b). Compared to initial levels, densities were 7 times greater after repeated dormant season fires (P < 0.001). After biennial growing season fires, densities were similar to those initially (P = 0.654). Densities were 13 times greater after repeated dormant season than growing season fires; this difference was not significant (P =0.060).”<ref name="Drewa et al 2006"/>
+
Different fire seasons influence the growth of ''Hypericum microsepalum'' as recorded by Drewa (2006). Stem densities were greater after dormant-season fires than growing-season fires. When compared to initial levels, ''H. microspealum'' grew to densities that were 7x greater after multiple dormant-season fires. Overall, densities were greater after repeated dormant-season fires than growing-season fires, though the difference was not significant.<ref name="Drewa et al 2006"/>
===Pollination===  
+
<!--===Pollination===-->
===Use by animals=== <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
+
<!--===Herbivory and toxicology===-->
===Diseases and parasites===
+
<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
==Conservation and Management==
+
 
==Cultivation and restoration==
+
==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
 +
 
 +
==Cultural use==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 +
<gallery widths=180px>
 +
</gallery>
 +
 
==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==

Latest revision as of 07:47, 2 June 2023

Hypericum microsepalum
FL 346.jpg
Photo taken by Gil Nelson
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Order: Theales
Family: Clusiaceae ⁄ Guttiferae
Genus: Hypericum
Species: H. microsepalum
Binomial name
Hypericum microsepalum
(Torr. & A. Gray) A. Gray ex S. Watson
HYPE MICR dist.jpg
Natural range of Hypericum microsepalum from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common name: Flatwoods St. Johnswort

Taxonomic notes

Synonyms: Crookea microsepala (Torr. & A. Gray) Small[1]

Varieties: none[1]

Description

Hypericum microsepalum is an evergreen, arborescent plant that occurs along coastal ecoclines of the Florida panhandle (nomenclature follows Godfrey 1988).

“Usually glabrous herbs or shrubs. Leaves usually punctate, simple, opposite, entire, usually sessile or subsessile, exstipulate. Inflorescence basically cymose; flowers perfect, regular, bracteates, subsessile or short-pedicellate, sepals 2, 4, or 5, persistent; petals 4 or 5, usually marcescent, yellow or pink; stamens 5-numerous, separate or connate basally forming 3-5 clusters or fascicles, filaments usually persistent; carpels 2-5, stigmas and styles separate or fused, ovary superior, 1-locular or partly or wholly 2-5 locular, placentation axile or parietal. Capsules basically ovoid, longitudinally dehiscent, styles usually persistent; seeds numerous, lustrous, areolate, cylindric, or oblong. In general, our species form a polymorphic complex with many intergrading taxa.”[2]

Distribution

This plant occurs from southern Georgia to the Florida Panhandle.[1]

Ecology

Hypericum microsepalum and H. brachyphyllum are both shrubby in habit, producing multiple shoots from the base whereas H. chapmanii produces a single stem with thick, flaky bark.[3] Hypericum microsepalum has a high survival rate when transplanted in lowland areas however the populations quickly decline in the absence of fire.[3]

Habitat

Hypericum microsepalum is associated with dry upland pine savannas where there is a 2–3 year fire frequency.[3] It also frequent moist to wet pine flatwoods.[1] This species is one of the most abundant seepage savanna shrubs that resprouts from the root crowns.[4]

It generally occurs in sandy soil, and in addition to the native habitat types as mentioned above, it can be found in some disturbed habitats such as roadsides.[5]

Associated species includes Cyrilla parvifolia, Vaccinium darrowi, V. myrsinites, Ilex glabra, Polygala lutea, P. nana, Xyris brevifolia, Lyonia mariana, Myrica cerifera, Gaylussacia nana, Lobelia paludosa, Salix caroliniana Hypericum galioides, Myrica, Vaccinium, Aristida stricta, Ilex glabra, Pinus palustris, and Serenoa repens.[5]

Phenology

H. microsepalum has been observed flowering January through July, and in November and December with peak inflorescence in March.[5][6] Fruiting has been observed in January through May, as well as in July.[5]

Seed dispersal

All species produce perfect flowers and the dehiscent, septicidal capsules contain numerous seeds. Seeds are dispersed by gravity and occasionally by birds.[7]

Seed bank and germination

All species have life spans of approximately 10 years and persistent seed banks.[3]

Fire ecology

Different fire seasons influence the growth of Hypericum microsepalum as recorded by Drewa (2006). Stem densities were greater after dormant-season fires than growing-season fires. When compared to initial levels, H. microspealum grew to densities that were 7x greater after multiple dormant-season fires. Overall, densities were greater after repeated dormant-season fires than growing-season fires, though the difference was not significant.[4]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 709. Print.
  3. 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Crandall, R. M. and W. J. Platt (2012). "Habitat and fire heterogeneity explain the co-occurrence of congeneric resprouter and reseeder Hypericum spp. along a Florida pine savanna ecoline." Plant Ecology 213: 1643-1654.
  4. 4.0 4.1 Drewa, P. B., J. M. Thaxton, et al. (2006). "Responses of root-crown bearing shrubs to differences in fire regimes in Pinus palustris (Longleaf pine) savannas: exploring old-growth questions in second-growth systems." Applied Vegetation Science 9: 27-36.
  5. 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: John Jensen, Carl Noedman, Preston Adams, Robert K. Godfrey. Sidney McDaniel, Mark A Garland, Preston Adams, Walter S. Judd, Kent D. Perkins, Scott Zona, Loran C. Anderson, William P. Adams, Robert Kral, H. E. Grelen, M. Knott, L. B. Trott, Steve L. Orzell, M. Davis, K. M. Meyer, and A. Townesmith. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Calhoun, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, Liberty, Madison, Marianna, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Taylor, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Thomas.
  6. Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 12 DEC 2016
  7. Drewa, P., W. Platt, et al. (2002). "Community Structure along Elevation Gradients in Headwater Regions of Longleaf Pine Savannas." Plant Ecology 160(1): 61-78.