Difference between revisions of "Polygonella polygama"
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| + | [[Polygonum polygamum]] | ||
{{italic title}} | {{italic title}} | ||
<!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database --> | <!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database --> | ||
{{taxobox | {{taxobox | ||
| name = Polygonella polygama | | name = Polygonella polygama | ||
| − | | image = | + | | image = Poly_poly.jpg |
| − | | image_caption = | + | | image_caption = Photo by Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, [http://www.forestryimages.org/index.cfm Bugwood.org] |
| regnum = Plantae | | regnum = Plantae | ||
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | | divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | ||
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| binomial = ''Polygonella polygama'' | | binomial = ''Polygonella polygama'' | ||
| binomial_authority = (Vent.) Engelm. & A. Gray | | binomial_authority = (Vent.) Engelm. & A. Gray | ||
| − | | range_map = | + | | range_map = poly_poly_dist.jpg |
| − | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Polygonella polygama'' from USDA NRCS [http:// | + | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Polygonella polygama'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=POPO2 Plants Database]. |
}} | }} | ||
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| + | Common name: October flower | ||
| + | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonym: ''Polygonella polygama'' | ||
| + | There are three geographically distinct varieties: var. ''brachystachya'' is only found in southern and south-central Florida and appears to be the most unique of the three varieties; var. ''cromii'' occurs primarily in North and South Carolina; var. ''polygama'' is widely distributed and appears to be sympatric with var. ''croomii''<ref name="Nesom">Nesom, G. L. and V. M. Bates (1984). "Reevaluations of Infraspecific Taxonomy in Polygonella (Polygonaceae)." Brittonia 36(1): 37-44</ref>. | ||
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | + | A description of ''Polygonella polygama'' is provided in [http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250060717 The Flora of North America]. | |
| + | |||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | ''P. polygama'' is distributed throughout the Coastal Plain, from southeast Virginia to south-central Florida, west to Texas<ref name="eol">[[http://eol.org/pages/585573/details]] Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed: February 22, 2016</ref>. | ||
| + | ''Polygonella polygama'' var. ''polygama'' is endemic to the longleaf pine range from southeastern Virgnia to central Florida and west to southeast Texas.<ref>Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.</ref> | ||
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==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| + | In the Coastal Plain in Florida, ''P. polygama'' can occur in seasonally wet depressions with ''Hypericum tenuifolium'' and ''Paronychia chartacea''; and in xeric oak/saw palmetto scrubs. In disturbed areas it can be found in roadside ditches, clear-cut slash pine forests,wooded beach dunes; and dry sandy spoil material that has been pumped from the river during dredging operations<ref name="FSU">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran Anderson, Wilson Baker, Angus Ghloson Jr., Robert K. Godfrey, Ann Johnson, Robert L. Lazor, Cecil R. Slaughter. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Franklin, Holmes, Osceola. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref><ref name="Looney and Gibson 1995">Looney, P. B. and D. J. Gibson (1995). "The Relationship between the Soil Seed Bank and Above-Ground Vegetation of a Coastal Barrier Island." Journal of Vegetation Science 6(6): 825-836</ref>. Associated species include ''Liatris laevigata, Hypericum tenuifolim, Paronychia chartacea'' and ''Palafoxia integrifolia''. Soil types include white sand and loamy sand<ref name="FSU"/>. | ||
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===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| + | Flowers in September and October<ref name="FSU"/> seed mature in winter<ref name="etd">[[http://etd.fcla.edu/UF/UFE0041331/heather_a.pdf]]Accessed: February 22, 2016</ref>. | ||
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===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| + | This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity. <ref> Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| − | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | + | Physical dormancy does not typically occur, however, some seeds possess a non-deep physiological dormancy<ref name="heather">Heather, A. E., H. E. Perez, et al. (2010). "Non-deep physiological dormancy in seeds of two Polygonella species with horticultural potential." HortScience 45(12): 1854-1858</ref>. |
| + | <!--===Fire ecology===--><!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
| − | + | The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Polygonella polygama'' at Archbold Biological Station (Deyrup 2015): | |
| − | Colletidae: Colletes mandibularis | + | Colletidae: ''Colletes mandibularis'' |
| − | Halictidae: Augochlorella aurata | + | Halictidae: ''Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis anonyma, A. metallica, Halictus poeyi, Lasioglossum nymphalis, L. placidensis, Sphecodes heraclei'' |
| − | + | Leucospididae: ''Leucospis slossonae'' | |
| − | + | Pompilidae: ''Anoplius marginalis, Episyron conterminus posterus'' | |
| − | + | Sphecidae: ''Gorytes deceptor, Oxybelus decorosum, Tachytes distinctus, T. validus'' | |
| − | + | Vespidae: ''Eumenes smithii, Leptochilus republicanus, Pachodynerus erynnis'' | |
| + | <!--===Use by animals===--><!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ||
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| + | <!--==Conservation and Management==--> | ||
| + | <!--==Cultivation and restoration==--> | ||
| − | + | ==Photo Gallery== | |
| − | + | <gallery widths=180px> | |
| − | + | File: Polyg-polyg_KAR_UGA_Bugwood5476083.jpg | <center> Flowers of ''Polygonella'' ''polygama'' <p> Photo by Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, [http://www.forestryimages.org/index.cfm Bugwood.org] </p> | |
| − | + | </gallery> | |
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==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
| + | Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA. | ||
Latest revision as of 07:53, 15 June 2021
| Polygonella polygama | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Caryophyllales |
| Family: | Polygonaceae |
| Genus: | Polygonella |
| Species: | P. polygama |
| Binomial name | |
| Polygonella polygama (Vent.) Engelm. & A. Gray | |
| |
| Natural range of Polygonella polygama from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: October flower
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonym: Polygonella polygama There are three geographically distinct varieties: var. brachystachya is only found in southern and south-central Florida and appears to be the most unique of the three varieties; var. cromii occurs primarily in North and South Carolina; var. polygama is widely distributed and appears to be sympatric with var. croomii[1].
Description
A description of Polygonella polygama is provided in The Flora of North America.
Distribution
P. polygama is distributed throughout the Coastal Plain, from southeast Virginia to south-central Florida, west to Texas[2]. Polygonella polygama var. polygama is endemic to the longleaf pine range from southeastern Virgnia to central Florida and west to southeast Texas.[3]
Ecology
Habitat
In the Coastal Plain in Florida, P. polygama can occur in seasonally wet depressions with Hypericum tenuifolium and Paronychia chartacea; and in xeric oak/saw palmetto scrubs. In disturbed areas it can be found in roadside ditches, clear-cut slash pine forests,wooded beach dunes; and dry sandy spoil material that has been pumped from the river during dredging operations[4][5]. Associated species include Liatris laevigata, Hypericum tenuifolim, Paronychia chartacea and Palafoxia integrifolia. Soil types include white sand and loamy sand[4].
Phenology
Flowers in September and October[4] seed mature in winter[6].
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity. [7]
Seed bank and germination
Physical dormancy does not typically occur, however, some seeds possess a non-deep physiological dormancy[8].
Pollination
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of Polygonella polygama at Archbold Biological Station (Deyrup 2015):
Colletidae: Colletes mandibularis
Halictidae: Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis anonyma, A. metallica, Halictus poeyi, Lasioglossum nymphalis, L. placidensis, Sphecodes heraclei
Leucospididae: Leucospis slossonae
Pompilidae: Anoplius marginalis, Episyron conterminus posterus
Sphecidae: Gorytes deceptor, Oxybelus decorosum, Tachytes distinctus, T. validus
Vespidae: Eumenes smithii, Leptochilus republicanus, Pachodynerus erynnis
Photo Gallery
Flowers of Polygonella polygama Photo by Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org
References and notes
Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ Nesom, G. L. and V. M. Bates (1984). "Reevaluations of Infraspecific Taxonomy in Polygonella (Polygonaceae)." Brittonia 36(1): 37-44
- ↑ [[1]] Encyclopedia of Life. Accessed: February 22, 2016
- ↑ Sorrie, B. A. and A. S. Weakley 2001. Coastal Plain valcular plant endemics: Phytogeographic patterns. Castanea 66: 50-82.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran Anderson, Wilson Baker, Angus Ghloson Jr., Robert K. Godfrey, Ann Johnson, Robert L. Lazor, Cecil R. Slaughter. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Franklin, Holmes, Osceola. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ Looney, P. B. and D. J. Gibson (1995). "The Relationship between the Soil Seed Bank and Above-Ground Vegetation of a Coastal Barrier Island." Journal of Vegetation Science 6(6): 825-836
- ↑ [[2]]Accessed: February 22, 2016
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Heather, A. E., H. E. Perez, et al. (2010). "Non-deep physiological dormancy in seeds of two Polygonella species with horticultural potential." HortScience 45(12): 1854-1858
