Difference between revisions of "Symplocos tinctoria"

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Common names: common sweetleaf <ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref>,horsesugar <ref name= "atwood">Atwood, E. L. (1941). "White-tailed deer foods of the United States." The Journal of Wildlife Management 5(3): 314-332.</ref>
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Common names: common sweetleaf<ref name="USDA">https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=SYTI USDA Plant Database </ref>,horsesugar <ref name= "atwood">Atwood, E. L. (1941). "White-tailed deer foods of the United States." The Journal of Wildlife Management 5(3): 314-332.</ref>
 
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==Taxonomic Notes==
 
==Taxonomic Notes==
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Synonym: ''S. tinctoria'' var. ''pygmaea'' (Fernald), ''S. tinctoria'' var. ''ashei'' (Harbison)
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Variations: ''S. tinctoria'' var. ''pygmaea'' (Fernald), ''S. tinctoria'' var. ''ashei'' (Harbison).<ref>Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draf of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
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Variety: none
 
  
 
==Description==  
 
==Description==  
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''S. tinctoria'' is a perennial shrub/tree of the Symplocaceae family that is native to North America. <ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref>
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''S. tinctoria'' is a perennial shrub/tree of the Symplocaceae family that is native to North America.<ref name= "USDA"/>
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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''S. tinctoria'' is found in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New York, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. <ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref>
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''S. tinctoria'' is found in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New York, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.<ref name= "USDA"/>
  
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
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===Habitat===  
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===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
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Habitats for ''S. tinctoria'' include moist bottomland forest, pocosin edges, mesic forests, ridgetop forests, and sandhills. <ref name= "Weakley"> Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.</ref> Specimens have been collected from moist soil of mixed hardwoods, dry woods, ravine above stream, slope near floodplains, open upland woodland, upland hammock, and mesic hammock. <ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R.K. Godfrey, A.H. Curtiss, Richland S. Mitchell, Sidney McDaniel, Paul Redfearn, Gwynn Ramsey, K. Craddock Burks, Rodie White, R.A. Norris, R. Komarek, J.M. Kane, John B. Nelson, Bert Pittman, Kathy Boyle, Herrick Brown, Richard Carter, Ron Miller. States and counties: Florida (Escambia, Okaloosa, Duval, Calhoun, Liberty, Jackson, Holmes, Gadsden, Leon, Jefferson, Columbia, Suwannee, Santa Rosa, Washington, Wakulla) Georgia (Grady, Thomas, McIntosh) South Carolina (Richland, Berkeley)</ref>
 
  
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Soils that are medum to coarse in texture are hospitable for ''S. tinctoria''. <ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref>
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Habitats for ''S. tinctoria'' include moist bottomland forest, pocosin edges, mesic forests, ridgetop forests, and sandhills.<ref name= "Weakley"> Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.</ref> Specimens have been collected from moist soil of mixed hardwoods, dry woods, ravine above stream, slope near floodplains, open upland woodland, upland hammock, and mesic hammock.<ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R.K. Godfrey, A.H. Curtiss, Richland S. Mitchell, Sidney McDaniel, Paul Redfearn, Gwynn Ramsey, K. Craddock Burks, Rodie White, R.A. Norris, R. Komarek, J.M. Kane, John B. Nelson, Bert Pittman, Kathy Boyle, Herrick Brown, Richard Carter, Ron Miller. States and counties: Florida (Escambia, Okaloosa, Duval, Calhoun, Liberty, Jackson, Holmes, Gadsden, Leon, Jefferson, Columbia, Suwannee, Santa Rosa, Washington, Wakulla) Georgia (Grady, Thomas, McIntosh) South Carolina (Richland, Berkeley)</ref>
  
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This species is not tolerance of drought but is tolerant of shade. <ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref>
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Soils that are medum to coarse in texture are hospitable for ''S. tinctoria''.<ref name= "USDA"/>
−
<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
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===Phenology===  
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This species is not tolerance of drought but is tolerant of shade.<ref name= "USDA"/>
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Flowering can occur between January and June but largely will bloom in March. <ref name= "Pan Flora"> [http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Pan Flora]</ref>
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===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
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<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
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''S. tinctoria'' has been observed flowering January through June with peak inflorescence in March.<ref name= "Pan Flora"> Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 29 MAY 2018</ref>
 
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It has been found that this species increased in production after a prescribed burn. <ref name= "lay" >Lay, D. W. (1967). "Browse palatability and the effects of prescribed burning in southern pine forests." Journal of Forestry 65: 826-828.</ref>
 
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<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 
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<!--===Pollination===-->
 
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===Use by animals===
 
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This species is a common food source for the white tailed deer. <ref name= "atwood">Atwood, E. L. (1941). "White-tailed deer foods of the United States." The Journal of Wildlife Management 5(3): 314-332.</ref>
 
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<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
 
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<!--==Diseases and parasites==-->
 
  
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==Conservation and Management==
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===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
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Populations of ''Symplocos tinctoria'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burning,<ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> and has been found to increase production after a prescribed burn.<ref name= "lay" >Lay, D. W. (1967). "Browse palatability and the effects of prescribed burning in southern pine forests." Journal of Forestry 65: 826-828.</ref>
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<!--===Pollination and use by animals===-->
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===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Common herbivores, granivory, insect hosting, poisonous chemicals, allelopathy, etc-->
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This species is a common food source for the white tailed deer.<ref name= "atwood">Atwood, E. L. (1941). "White-tailed deer foods of the United States." The Journal of Wildlife Management 5(3): 314-332.</ref>
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===Diseases and parasites===
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Galls due to a fungus has been observed on a plant in northeast Pensacola, Fl.<ref name ="FFE">Observation by Steve Gallagher in Pensacola, Fl. March 12, 2018, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group March 12, 2018. </ref>
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
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==Cultural use==
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In the past the leaves have been used a chewing gum.<ref> Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.</ref>
  
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==Cultivation and restoration==
 
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==

Latest revision as of 13:27, 15 July 2022

Common names: common sweetleaf[1],horsesugar [2]

Symplocos tinctoria
Symplocos tinctoria SEF.jpg
Photo by John Gwaltney hosted at Southeastern Flora.com
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida - Dicots
Order: Ebenales
Family: Symplocaceae
Genus: Symplocos
Species: S. tinctoria
Binomial name
Symplocos tinctoria
(L.) L'Her.
SYMP TINC DIST.JPG
Natural range of Symplocos tinctoria from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Taxonomic Notes

Variations: S. tinctoria var. pygmaea (Fernald), S. tinctoria var. ashei (Harbison).[3]

Description

S. tinctoria is a perennial shrub/tree of the Symplocaceae family that is native to North America.[1]

Distribution

S. tinctoria is found in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New York, Tennessee, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas.[1]

Ecology

Habitat

Habitats for S. tinctoria include moist bottomland forest, pocosin edges, mesic forests, ridgetop forests, and sandhills.[4] Specimens have been collected from moist soil of mixed hardwoods, dry woods, ravine above stream, slope near floodplains, open upland woodland, upland hammock, and mesic hammock.[5]

Soils that are medum to coarse in texture are hospitable for S. tinctoria.[1]

This species is not tolerance of drought but is tolerant of shade.[1]

Phenology

S. tinctoria has been observed flowering January through June with peak inflorescence in March.[6]

Fire ecology

Populations of Symplocos tinctoria have been known to persist through repeated annual burning,[7] and has been found to increase production after a prescribed burn.[8]

Herbivory and toxicology

This species is a common food source for the white tailed deer.[2]

Diseases and parasites

Galls due to a fungus has been observed on a plant in northeast Pensacola, Fl.[9]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

Cultural use

In the past the leaves have been used a chewing gum.[10]

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 https://plants.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=SYTI USDA Plant Database
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Atwood, E. L. (1941). "White-tailed deer foods of the United States." The Journal of Wildlife Management 5(3): 314-332.
  3. ↑ Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draf of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  4. ↑ Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
  5. ↑ URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, R.K. Godfrey, A.H. Curtiss, Richland S. Mitchell, Sidney McDaniel, Paul Redfearn, Gwynn Ramsey, K. Craddock Burks, Rodie White, R.A. Norris, R. Komarek, J.M. Kane, John B. Nelson, Bert Pittman, Kathy Boyle, Herrick Brown, Richard Carter, Ron Miller. States and counties: Florida (Escambia, Okaloosa, Duval, Calhoun, Liberty, Jackson, Holmes, Gadsden, Leon, Jefferson, Columbia, Suwannee, Santa Rosa, Washington, Wakulla) Georgia (Grady, Thomas, McIntosh) South Carolina (Richland, Berkeley)
  6. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 29 MAY 2018
  7. ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
  8. ↑ Lay, D. W. (1967). "Browse palatability and the effects of prescribed burning in southern pine forests." Journal of Forestry 65: 826-828.
  9. ↑ Observation by Steve Gallagher in Pensacola, Fl. March 12, 2018, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group March 12, 2018.
  10. ↑ Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
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