Difference between revisions of "Strophostyles umbellata"
HaleighJoM (talk | contribs) (→Ecology) |
|||
| (26 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown) | |||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | Common | + | Common names: Pink fuzzybean, Perennial sand bean |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| − | + | Variations: ''Strophostyles umbellata'' var. ''paludigena'' Fernald.<ref>Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draf of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | |
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | "Annual or perennial, trailing, twining or weakly climbing, herbaceous vines. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets entire but often basally lobed, petiolulate, stipellate; stipules striate, small, persistent. Racemes axillary, long-pedunculate with few to several, closely clustered, apparently subcaptiate, subsessile, papilionaceous flowers subtended by a small, striate bract and with a pair of striate, persistent bractlets just beneath the flower. Calyx more or less 2-lippd, tube campanulate, the 2 upper lobes almost completely fuse and the lobes therefore appearing as 4, the lowermost lobe longest; petals pink, purple or nearly white, the keel beaked and strongly incurved but not coiled, longer than the wings; stamens diadelphous 9 and 1; ovary sessile or nearly so, style curved, bearded along its inner side. Legume linear, terete or nearly so, with valves laterally twisted after dehiscence; seeds several, woolly." | + | "Annual or perennial, trailing, twining or weakly climbing, herbaceous vines. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets entire but often basally lobed, petiolulate, stipellate; stipules striate, small, persistent. Racemes axillary, long-pedunculate with few to several, closely clustered, apparently subcaptiate, subsessile, papilionaceous flowers subtended by a small, striate bract and with a pair of striate, persistent bractlets just beneath the flower. Calyx more or less 2-lippd, tube campanulate, the 2 upper lobes almost completely fuse and the lobes therefore appearing as 4, the lowermost lobe longest; petals pink, purple or nearly white, the keel beaked and strongly incurved but not coiled, longer than the wings; stamens diadelphous 9 and 1; ovary sessile or nearly so, style curved, bearded along its inner side. Legume linear, terete or nearly so, with valves laterally twisted after dehiscence; seeds several, woolly."<ref name="Radford et al 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 640. Print.</ref> |
| − | 'Trailing or weakly twining, perennial vine with stems (0.3) 0.6-1.5 (2) m long and with at least the younger portion densely and retrorsely or spreading pubescent. Leaflets widely to narrowly ovate, lanceolate to elliptic or oblong, unlobed, 2-5 cm long, glabrous or nearly so above and below or somewhat appressed-pubescent beneath. Racemes 1-2.5 dm long with few to several, capitately clustered flowers; pedicels to 1 mm long subtended by oblong bract to 0.7 mm long and with pairs of ovate to oblong, obtuse bractlets 0.8-1 mm long. Calyx tube glabrous or nearly so, 2-2.5 mm long, lobes glabrous except for the ciliate margins and usually strigose lowermost lobe; petals pink or pale purple, often fading yellowish, the standard 1-1.4 cm long. Legumes sparsely appressed-pubescent, 3-6.5 cm long, 4 mm broad; seeds 3-6 mm long." | + | 'Trailing or weakly twining, perennial vine with stems (0.3) 0.6-1.5 (2) m long and with at least the younger portion densely and retrorsely or spreading pubescent. Leaflets widely to narrowly ovate, lanceolate to elliptic or oblong, unlobed, 2-5 cm long, glabrous or nearly so above and below or somewhat appressed-pubescent beneath. Racemes 1-2.5 dm long with few to several, capitately clustered flowers; pedicels to 1 mm long subtended by oblong bract to 0.7 mm long and with pairs of ovate to oblong, obtuse bractlets 0.8-1 mm long. Calyx tube glabrous or nearly so, 2-2.5 mm long, lobes glabrous except for the ciliate margins and usually strigose lowermost lobe; petals pink or pale purple, often fading yellowish, the standard 1-1.4 cm long. Legumes sparsely appressed-pubescent, 3-6.5 cm long, 4 mm broad; seeds 3-6 mm long."<ref name="Radford et al 1964"/> |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | In the Coastal Plain region, ''S. umbellata'' has been found in loamy sand of a depression bordering mesic flatwoods; understory of upland slash pinewoods; transition zone of longleaf pine flatwoods to pine savanna; semi-shaded loam in old growth longleaf pine forest; sand of open meadow; low savanna above creek floodplain; dry pine barrens; open pinewoods; open grassy clearing of upland pine woodland; floodplain shores of lakes; upland deciduous woods; slopes and ridges; and in a grassy area just above a fresh water marsh | + | In the Coastal Plain region, ''S. umbellata'' has been found in loamy sand of a depression bordering mesic flatwoods; understory of upland slash pinewoods; transition zone of longleaf pine flatwoods to pine savanna; semi-shaded loam in old growth longleaf pine forest; sand of open meadow; low savanna above creek floodplain; dry pine barrens; open pinewoods; open grassy clearing of upland pine woodland; floodplain shores of lakes; upland deciduous woods; slopes and ridges; and in a grassy area just above a fresh water marsh.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Aaron Leblanc, James R. Burkhalter, A. F. Harris, Nancy E. Jordan, Wilson Baker, James R. Burkhalter, Dennis Hardin, A. H. Curtiss, Gary R. Knight, Thomas P. Kruas, R.K. Godfrey, D. B. Ward, S. C. Hood, Sidney McDaniel, R. Komarek, Rodie White, Leon Neel, Lisa Keppner, John B. Nelson, A. E. Radford, W. R. Anderson, Samuel B. Jones, Jr., Joseph Ewan, R. Kral, Robert A. Norris, Nancy Craft Coile, Nan Bates, Geo M. Merrill, Billie Bailey. States and Counties: Alabama: Macon. Florida: Alachua, Calhoun, Columbia, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Nassau, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton, Washington. Georgia: Baker, Elbert, Grady, Thomas. Louisiana: Rapides, Union. Mississippi: Jasper, Lamar, Oktibbeha. North Carolina: Carteret. South Carolina: Fairfield, Pickens, Richland. Texas: Houston. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref><ref name=hai> Hainds, M. J., R. J. Mitchell, B. J. Palik, L. R. Boring and D. H. Gjerstad. 1999. Distribution of native legumes (Leguminoseae) in frequently burned longleaf pine (Pinaceae)-wiregrass (Poaceae) ecosystems. American Journal of Botany 86:1606-1614.</ref> It is predominately found in native groundcover, such as the upland pines of South Georgia.<ref name=ost> Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.</ref> It has been documented in disturbed habitats such as loamy sand of roadside slopes, powerline corridors, loamy soil of roadside ditches, dikes on lake shores, white sandy bottoms of dried ponds, and in clay roadside banks. Outside of the Coastal Plain region in Indiana, it has been found in burned limestone glades.<ref name=wade>Wade, K. A. and E. S. Menges. 1987. Effects of fire on invasion and community structure of a southern Indiana cedar barrens. Indiana Academy of Science 96:273-286.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | ''S. umbellata'' became absent in response to military training in west Georgia longleaf forests.<ref name=dale>Dale, V.H., S.C. Beyeler, and B. Jackson. (2002). Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. Ecological Indicators 1(3):155-170.</ref> It became absent in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in southwest Georgia.<ref name=kirkman>Kirkman, L.K., K.L. Coffey, R.J. Mitchell, and E.B. Moser. Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna. (2004). Journal of Ecology 92(3):409-421.</ref><ref name=ost/> This species has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished Georgia habitats that were disturbed by agriculture and military training. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''Strophostyles umbellata'' is an indicator species for the Clayhill Longleaf Woodlands community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref> | ||
| − | Soil types include loamy sand, loam, sand, loamy soil, and clay | + | Soil types include loamy sand, loam, sand, loamy soil, and clay.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> Associated species include ''Crotalaria, Desmodium, Cassia fasciculata, Cephalanthus, Desmodium ochroleucum, D. lineatum, Habenaria integra, H. ciliaris'', and ''Aster umbellatus.''<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> |
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | + | ''S. umbellata'' has been observed to flower June through September and in December with peak inflorescence in September.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 14 DEC 2016</ref> It has been observed fruiting August and September.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | |
| − | It has been observed | ||
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | + | This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.<ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> | |
| + | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
| − | |||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | + | ''Strophostyles umbellata'' occurs in areas that are frequently burned,<ref name=hai/> and populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref><ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> | |
| − | + | ===Pollination=== | |
| − | + | ''S. umbellata'' has been observed to host pollinators such as ''Megachile integra'' (family Megachilidae).<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> | |
| − | |||
| + | ===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Common herbivores, granivory, insect hosting, poisonous chemicals, allelopathy, etc--> | ||
| + | It is included in bobwhite quail diet.<ref name=swe>Sweeney, J. M., C. R. Wenger and N. S. Yoho. 1981. Bobwhite quail food in young Arkansas loblolly pine plantations. Arkansas Experiment Station bulletin 852. Fayetteville, AR, University of Arkansas, Divisionn of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station.</ref> | ||
<!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | |
| − | == | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| + | ''S. umbellata'' should avoid soil disturbance by military training and agriculture to conserve its presence in pine communities.<ref name=ost/><ref name=dale/><ref name=kirkman/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Cultural use== | ||
| + | |||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
| − | |||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
| − | |||
File:Strophostyles umbellata1.jpg| <center> ''Strophostyles umbellata'' <p> Photo by Katelin Stanley </p><p> Thomas County, GA | File:Strophostyles umbellata1.jpg| <center> ''Strophostyles umbellata'' <p> Photo by Katelin Stanley </p><p> Thomas County, GA | ||
| − | |||
</nowiki></gallery> | </nowiki></gallery> | ||
| − | |||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
Latest revision as of 13:13, 15 July 2022
| Strophostyles umbellata | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae ⁄ Leguminosae |
| Genus: | Strophostyles |
| Species: | S. umbellata |
| Binomial name | |
| Strophostyles umbellata (Muhl. ex Willd.) Britton | |
| |
| Natural range of Strophostyles umbellata from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Pink fuzzybean, Perennial sand bean
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Variations: Strophostyles umbellata var. paludigena Fernald.[1]
Description
"Annual or perennial, trailing, twining or weakly climbing, herbaceous vines. Leaves pinnately 3-foliolate; leaflets entire but often basally lobed, petiolulate, stipellate; stipules striate, small, persistent. Racemes axillary, long-pedunculate with few to several, closely clustered, apparently subcaptiate, subsessile, papilionaceous flowers subtended by a small, striate bract and with a pair of striate, persistent bractlets just beneath the flower. Calyx more or less 2-lippd, tube campanulate, the 2 upper lobes almost completely fuse and the lobes therefore appearing as 4, the lowermost lobe longest; petals pink, purple or nearly white, the keel beaked and strongly incurved but not coiled, longer than the wings; stamens diadelphous 9 and 1; ovary sessile or nearly so, style curved, bearded along its inner side. Legume linear, terete or nearly so, with valves laterally twisted after dehiscence; seeds several, woolly."[2]
'Trailing or weakly twining, perennial vine with stems (0.3) 0.6-1.5 (2) m long and with at least the younger portion densely and retrorsely or spreading pubescent. Leaflets widely to narrowly ovate, lanceolate to elliptic or oblong, unlobed, 2-5 cm long, glabrous or nearly so above and below or somewhat appressed-pubescent beneath. Racemes 1-2.5 dm long with few to several, capitately clustered flowers; pedicels to 1 mm long subtended by oblong bract to 0.7 mm long and with pairs of ovate to oblong, obtuse bractlets 0.8-1 mm long. Calyx tube glabrous or nearly so, 2-2.5 mm long, lobes glabrous except for the ciliate margins and usually strigose lowermost lobe; petals pink or pale purple, often fading yellowish, the standard 1-1.4 cm long. Legumes sparsely appressed-pubescent, 3-6.5 cm long, 4 mm broad; seeds 3-6 mm long."[2]
Distribution
Ecology
Habitat
In the Coastal Plain region, S. umbellata has been found in loamy sand of a depression bordering mesic flatwoods; understory of upland slash pinewoods; transition zone of longleaf pine flatwoods to pine savanna; semi-shaded loam in old growth longleaf pine forest; sand of open meadow; low savanna above creek floodplain; dry pine barrens; open pinewoods; open grassy clearing of upland pine woodland; floodplain shores of lakes; upland deciduous woods; slopes and ridges; and in a grassy area just above a fresh water marsh.[3][4] It is predominately found in native groundcover, such as the upland pines of South Georgia.[5] It has been documented in disturbed habitats such as loamy sand of roadside slopes, powerline corridors, loamy soil of roadside ditches, dikes on lake shores, white sandy bottoms of dried ponds, and in clay roadside banks. Outside of the Coastal Plain region in Indiana, it has been found in burned limestone glades.[6]
S. umbellata became absent in response to military training in west Georgia longleaf forests.[7] It became absent in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in southwest Georgia.[8][5] This species has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished Georgia habitats that were disturbed by agriculture and military training.
Strophostyles umbellata is an indicator species for the Clayhill Longleaf Woodlands community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[9]
Soil types include loamy sand, loam, sand, loamy soil, and clay.[3] Associated species include Crotalaria, Desmodium, Cassia fasciculata, Cephalanthus, Desmodium ochroleucum, D. lineatum, Habenaria integra, H. ciliaris, and Aster umbellatus.[3]
Phenology
S. umbellata has been observed to flower June through September and in December with peak inflorescence in September.[3][10] It has been observed fruiting August and September.[3]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.[11]
Fire ecology
Strophostyles umbellata occurs in areas that are frequently burned,[4] and populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.[12][13]
Pollination
S. umbellata has been observed to host pollinators such as Megachile integra (family Megachilidae).[14]
Herbivory and toxicology
It is included in bobwhite quail diet.[15]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
S. umbellata should avoid soil disturbance by military training and agriculture to conserve its presence in pine communities.[5][7][8]
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
Strophostyles umbellata Photo by Katelin Stanley
Thomas County, GA
References and notes
- ↑ Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draf of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 640. Print.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Aaron Leblanc, James R. Burkhalter, A. F. Harris, Nancy E. Jordan, Wilson Baker, James R. Burkhalter, Dennis Hardin, A. H. Curtiss, Gary R. Knight, Thomas P. Kruas, R.K. Godfrey, D. B. Ward, S. C. Hood, Sidney McDaniel, R. Komarek, Rodie White, Leon Neel, Lisa Keppner, John B. Nelson, A. E. Radford, W. R. Anderson, Samuel B. Jones, Jr., Joseph Ewan, R. Kral, Robert A. Norris, Nancy Craft Coile, Nan Bates, Geo M. Merrill, Billie Bailey. States and Counties: Alabama: Macon. Florida: Alachua, Calhoun, Columbia, Duval, Escambia, Franklin, Gulf, Holmes, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Nassau, Santa Rosa, Wakulla, Walton, Washington. Georgia: Baker, Elbert, Grady, Thomas. Louisiana: Rapides, Union. Mississippi: Jasper, Lamar, Oktibbeha. North Carolina: Carteret. South Carolina: Fairfield, Pickens, Richland. Texas: Houston. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hainds, M. J., R. J. Mitchell, B. J. Palik, L. R. Boring and D. H. Gjerstad. 1999. Distribution of native legumes (Leguminoseae) in frequently burned longleaf pine (Pinaceae)-wiregrass (Poaceae) ecosystems. American Journal of Botany 86:1606-1614.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.
- ↑ Wade, K. A. and E. S. Menges. 1987. Effects of fire on invasion and community structure of a southern Indiana cedar barrens. Indiana Academy of Science 96:273-286.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Dale, V.H., S.C. Beyeler, and B. Jackson. (2002). Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. Ecological Indicators 1(3):155-170.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kirkman, L.K., K.L. Coffey, R.J. Mitchell, and E.B. Moser. Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna. (2004). Journal of Ecology 92(3):409-421.
- ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 14 DEC 2016
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
- ↑ Sweeney, J. M., C. R. Wenger and N. S. Yoho. 1981. Bobwhite quail food in young Arkansas loblolly pine plantations. Arkansas Experiment Station bulletin 852. Fayetteville, AR, University of Arkansas, Divisionn of Agriculture, Agricultural Experiment Station.
