Difference between revisions of "Pontederia cordata"
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{{taxobox | {{taxobox | ||
| name = Pontederia cordata | | name = Pontederia cordata | ||
| − | | image = | + | | image = Pont_cord.jpg |
| − | | image_caption = | + | | image_caption = Photo by Shirley Denton (Copyrighted, use by photographer’s permission only), [http://www.shirleydenton.com/welcome Nature Photography by Shirley Denton] |
| regnum = Plantae | | regnum = Plantae | ||
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | | divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | Common name: | + | Common name: Pickerelweed |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Subspecies: ''Pontederia cordata'' Linnaeus var. ''cordata'', ''Pontederia cordata'' Linnaeus var. ''lancifolia'' (Muhlenberg ex Elliot) Torrey | ||
| + | |||
| + | Cordata means heart shaped; Pontederia refers to the Italian physician Guilio Pontedera who kept the botanical gardens at Padua for 38 years.<ref name="eat">[[http://www.eattheweeds.com/pontederia-cordata-in-a-pr-pickerel-2/]] Eat the Weeds. Accessed: February 29, 2016</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| Line 25: | Line 29: | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | It is distributed Ontario to Nova Scotia and New England, south to northern Florida, west to Missouri and Oklahoma, north to Minnesota.<ref name="wildflower">[[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=POCO14]]Lady Bird Johnson. Accessed: February 28, 2016</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | '' | + | Habitats of ''P. cordata'' include mucky soils of river floodplains, an outlet stream to a brackish marsh, shallow river water, cypress swamps, cypress-gum swamps, lake shores, open pools in gum swamps, and a river headwater marsh. It has also been found in disturbed areas such as open roadside ditches, along swamp logging roads, a weedy pond adjacent to a road, modified cypress-sawgrass exposed habitat, mowed roadside ditches, roadside cypress swamps, and the edge of a phosphate pool. Soil types include sandy peat and sandy-clay-alluvium. It has been observed to grow in shaded habitats. Associated species include ''Taxodium, Nyssa aquatica, Fraxinus tomentosa, Serenoa repens, Cyperus odoratus, Paspalum dissectum'', and ''Echinochloa walteri.''<ref name="fsu">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: November 2015. Collectors: W.P. Adams, Loran C. Anderson, Sydney T. Bacchus, Tom Barnes, J. Beckner, Michael Cartrett, R.F. Christensen, A.F. Clewell, Kathy Craddock Burks, R.F. Christensen, G. Cruz, Delzie Demaree, R.F. Doren, Suellen Folensbee, J.P. Gillespie, Robert K. Godfrey, Bruce Hansen, JoAnn Hansen, N.C. Henderson, R.D. Houk, Meredith Jones, Edwin Keppner, R. Kerstetter, Robert Kral, Robert J. Lemaire, S.W. Leonard, William Lindsey, Sidney McDaniel, Richard S. Mitchell, B. Moore, Gwynn W. Ramsey, P.L. Redfearn Jr., Grady W. Reinert, Deborah R. Shelley, Cecil R. Slaughter, J.N. Triplett Jr., D.B. Ward, Jean W. Wooten, Brian Yahn. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Brevard, Calhoun, Citrus, Collier, Columbia, DeSoto, Duval, Escambia, Flagler, Franklin, Gadsden, Glades, Gulf, Hamilton, Hillsborough, Holmes, Indian River, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, Lake, Lee, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Nassau, Okaloosa, Orange, Pinellas, Polk, Putnam, Seminole, Sumter, St. Lucie, St. Johns, Taylor, Volusia, Wakulla, Washington. Countries: Honduras. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy</ref> It is used to stabilize pond banks.<ref name="illinois">[[http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/wetland/plants/pickerelweed.htm]]Accessed: January 29, 2016</ref> |
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | + | ''P. cordata'' has been observed flowering March through November with peak inflorescence in May and fruiting April through October.<ref name="fsu"/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 13 DEC 2016</ref> Flowers are hermaphroditic, and fruits contain one seed.<ref name="ornduff">Ornduff, R. (1966). "The Breeding System of Pontederia cordata L." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 93(6): 407-416.</ref> | |
| + | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
| − | |||
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| − | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | + | ''P. cordata'' seeds require a period of moist cold before germination and 8 weeks of stratification. Seedlings that germinate in the fall would unlikely survive the winter because of ice. Germination is primarily on stream bank sites where competition is low during seedling germination.<ref name="whigham">Whigham, D. F. and R. L. Simpson (1982). "Germination and Dormancy Studies of Pontederia cordata L." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 109(4): 524-528.</ref> |
| + | <!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
| − | The | + | This species is tristylous, with the typical populations having three morphs that differ in the positioning of the stigma and two anther levels. There is an over production of nectar, with a higher cost than is necessary to ensure pollen dispersal.<ref name="harder">Harder, L. D. and S. C. H. Barrett (1992). "The Energy Cost of Bee Pollination for Pontederia cordata (Pontederiaceae)." Functional Ecology 6(2): 226-233</ref> Pollen production is inversely proportional to stamen height.<ref name="spencer">Spencer, C. H. B., S. D. Price, et al. (1983). "Male Fertility and Anisoplethic Population Structure in Tristylous Pontederia cordata (Pontederiaceae)." Evolution 37(4): 745-759.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | ===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Common herbivores, granivory, insect hosting, poisonous chemicals, allelopathy, etc--> | ||
| + | ''Pontederia cordata'' has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host leafecutting bees from the Megachilidae family such as ''Dianthidium floridiense''.<ref name="Deyrup 2015">Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> The leaves and stems provide good cover for birds, swimming mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians and insects. Muskrats, white-tailed deer and geese eat the leaves, while the fruit is eaten by ducks and muskrats.<ref name="fcps">[[http://www.fcps.edu/islandcreekes/ecology/pickerelweed.htm]]Accessed: February 28, 2016</ref> Additionally, this species hosts bees from the Apidae family such as ''Bombus bimaculatus, B. fervidus, B. griseocollis, B. impatiens, B. vagans, Melissodes apicata, M. communis, Peponapis pruinosa'' and ''Triepeolus lunatus'', planthoppers from the Delphacidae family such as ''Megamelus davisi'', and sweat bees from the Halictidae family such as ''Dufourea novaeangliae, Halictus confusus'' and ''Lasioglossum lineatulum''.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> | ||
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== | |
| − | === | + | ==Cultural use== |
| − | + | The seeds can be boiled like greens<ref name="fcps"/>. | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
| + | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
| + | File: Pont_cord_SD_NatPhoto-flwr_0721.jpg | <center> Flowers of ''Pontederia'' ''cordata'' <p> Photo by Shirley Denton (Copyrighted, use by photographer’s permission only), [http://www.shirleydenton.com/welcome Nature Photography by Shirley Denton] </p> | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
| − | |||
Latest revision as of 09:22, 15 July 2022
| Pontederia cordata | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Shirley Denton (Copyrighted, use by photographer’s permission only), Nature Photography by Shirley Denton | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Commelinales |
| Family: | Pontederiaceae |
| Genus: | Pontederia |
| Species: | P. cordata |
| Binomial name | |
| Pontederia cordata L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Pontederia cordata from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: Pickerelweed
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Subspecies: Pontederia cordata Linnaeus var. cordata, Pontederia cordata Linnaeus var. lancifolia (Muhlenberg ex Elliot) Torrey
Cordata means heart shaped; Pontederia refers to the Italian physician Guilio Pontedera who kept the botanical gardens at Padua for 38 years.[1]
Description
A description of Pontederia cordata is provided in The Flora of North America.
Distribution
It is distributed Ontario to Nova Scotia and New England, south to northern Florida, west to Missouri and Oklahoma, north to Minnesota.[2]
Ecology
Habitat
Habitats of P. cordata include mucky soils of river floodplains, an outlet stream to a brackish marsh, shallow river water, cypress swamps, cypress-gum swamps, lake shores, open pools in gum swamps, and a river headwater marsh. It has also been found in disturbed areas such as open roadside ditches, along swamp logging roads, a weedy pond adjacent to a road, modified cypress-sawgrass exposed habitat, mowed roadside ditches, roadside cypress swamps, and the edge of a phosphate pool. Soil types include sandy peat and sandy-clay-alluvium. It has been observed to grow in shaded habitats. Associated species include Taxodium, Nyssa aquatica, Fraxinus tomentosa, Serenoa repens, Cyperus odoratus, Paspalum dissectum, and Echinochloa walteri.[3] It is used to stabilize pond banks.[4]
Phenology
P. cordata has been observed flowering March through November with peak inflorescence in May and fruiting April through October.[3][5] Flowers are hermaphroditic, and fruits contain one seed.[6]
Seed bank and germination
P. cordata seeds require a period of moist cold before germination and 8 weeks of stratification. Seedlings that germinate in the fall would unlikely survive the winter because of ice. Germination is primarily on stream bank sites where competition is low during seedling germination.[7]
Pollination
This species is tristylous, with the typical populations having three morphs that differ in the positioning of the stigma and two anther levels. There is an over production of nectar, with a higher cost than is necessary to ensure pollen dispersal.[8] Pollen production is inversely proportional to stamen height.[9]
Herbivory and toxicology
Pontederia cordata has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host leafecutting bees from the Megachilidae family such as Dianthidium floridiense.[10] The leaves and stems provide good cover for birds, swimming mammals, fish, reptiles, amphibians and insects. Muskrats, white-tailed deer and geese eat the leaves, while the fruit is eaten by ducks and muskrats.[11] Additionally, this species hosts bees from the Apidae family such as Bombus bimaculatus, B. fervidus, B. griseocollis, B. impatiens, B. vagans, Melissodes apicata, M. communis, Peponapis pruinosa and Triepeolus lunatus, planthoppers from the Delphacidae family such as Megamelus davisi, and sweat bees from the Halictidae family such as Dufourea novaeangliae, Halictus confusus and Lasioglossum lineatulum.[12]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
The seeds can be boiled like greens[11].
Photo Gallery
Flowers of Pontederia cordata Photo by Shirley Denton (Copyrighted, use by photographer’s permission only), Nature Photography by Shirley Denton
References and notes
- ↑ [[1]] Eat the Weeds. Accessed: February 29, 2016
- ↑ [[2]]Lady Bird Johnson. Accessed: February 28, 2016
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: November 2015. Collectors: W.P. Adams, Loran C. Anderson, Sydney T. Bacchus, Tom Barnes, J. Beckner, Michael Cartrett, R.F. Christensen, A.F. Clewell, Kathy Craddock Burks, R.F. Christensen, G. Cruz, Delzie Demaree, R.F. Doren, Suellen Folensbee, J.P. Gillespie, Robert K. Godfrey, Bruce Hansen, JoAnn Hansen, N.C. Henderson, R.D. Houk, Meredith Jones, Edwin Keppner, R. Kerstetter, Robert Kral, Robert J. Lemaire, S.W. Leonard, William Lindsey, Sidney McDaniel, Richard S. Mitchell, B. Moore, Gwynn W. Ramsey, P.L. Redfearn Jr., Grady W. Reinert, Deborah R. Shelley, Cecil R. Slaughter, J.N. Triplett Jr., D.B. Ward, Jean W. Wooten, Brian Yahn. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Brevard, Calhoun, Citrus, Collier, Columbia, DeSoto, Duval, Escambia, Flagler, Franklin, Gadsden, Glades, Gulf, Hamilton, Hillsborough, Holmes, Indian River, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, Lake, Lee, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Nassau, Okaloosa, Orange, Pinellas, Polk, Putnam, Seminole, Sumter, St. Lucie, St. Johns, Taylor, Volusia, Wakulla, Washington. Countries: Honduras. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy
- ↑ [[3]]Accessed: January 29, 2016
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 13 DEC 2016
- ↑ Ornduff, R. (1966). "The Breeding System of Pontederia cordata L." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 93(6): 407-416.
- ↑ Whigham, D. F. and R. L. Simpson (1982). "Germination and Dormancy Studies of Pontederia cordata L." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 109(4): 524-528.
- ↑ Harder, L. D. and S. C. H. Barrett (1992). "The Energy Cost of Bee Pollination for Pontederia cordata (Pontederiaceae)." Functional Ecology 6(2): 226-233
- ↑ Spencer, C. H. B., S. D. Price, et al. (1983). "Male Fertility and Anisoplethic Population Structure in Tristylous Pontederia cordata (Pontederiaceae)." Evolution 37(4): 745-759.
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 [[4]]Accessed: February 28, 2016
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [5]
