Difference between revisions of "Persicaria hydropiperoides"
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| + | Common Names: Swamp smartweed,<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> Waterpepper<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
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<!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database --> | <!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database --> | ||
{{taxobox | {{taxobox | ||
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| binomial_authority = Michx. | | binomial_authority = Michx. | ||
| range_map = PERS_HYDR_DIST.JPG | | range_map = PERS_HYDR_DIST.JPG | ||
| − | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Persicaria hydropiperoides'' from Weakley. <ref>Weakley, Alan S. 2015. Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States: Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 1320 pp. </ref> | + | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Persicaria hydropiperoides'' from Weakley.<ref>Weakley, Alan S. 2015. Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States: Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 1320 pp. </ref> |
}} | }} | ||
==Taxonomic Notes== | ==Taxonomic Notes== | ||
| − | + | Synonyms: ''Polygonum hydropiperoides'' Michaux; ''Polygonum hydropiperoides'' var. ''hydropiperoides''; ''Polygonum hydropiperoides'' var. ''breviciliatum''; ''Polygonum hydropiperoides'' var. ''euronotorum'' Fernald; ''Polygonum hydropiperoides'' var. ''opelousanum'' (Riddell ex Small) Riddell ex W. Stone; ''Polygonum opelousanum'' Riddell; ''Persicaria opelousana'' (Riddell ex Small) Small.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | |
| − | + | Varieties: none.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | |
| − | ==Description== | + | ==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> |
| − | ''P. hydropiperoides'' is a perennial forb/herb of the Polygonaceae family that is native to North America. <ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> | + | ''P. hydropiperoides'' is a perennial forb/herb of the Polygonaceae family that is native to North America.<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> It is a rhizomatous perennial that often forms mats. The stems are terrete, with a glabrous or strigose texture, and ends that become erect and floriferous. The leaves are 5-10 cm long and 0.5-2 cm wide with a strigose texture. The base is cuneate, the petioles are 1-5 mm long, and the ocrea are 1 cm long. The nutlets are browns, lustrous, and trigonous.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
| − | |||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| Line 30: | Line 31: | ||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
| − | ===Habitat=== | + | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> |
| − | ''P. hydropiperoides'' has a high tolerance for anaerobic conditions and fire, but has a low tolerance for drought. It also requires full sunlight, extremely intolerant to shade. <ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> | + | ''P. hydropiperoides'' has a high tolerance for anaerobic conditions and fire, but has a low tolerance for drought. It also requires full sunlight, extremely intolerant to shade.<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> |
| − | + | ||
| + | Habitats for ''Persicaria hydropiperoides'' include edges of cypress pond, slash pine flatwoods, and wet swale near bayou.<ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Richard Carter, Sidney McDaniel, Randy Haynes, Michael B. Brooks) States and counties: Georgia (Brantley) Mississippi (Pearl River, Jackson)</ref> | ||
<!--===Phenology===--> <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | <!--===Phenology===--> <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| + | This plant flowers from May through November.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| − | Seeding begins in spring and lasts until the end of summer. <ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> | + | Seeding begins in spring and lasts until the end of summer.<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> |
| − | + | ||
| − | <!--===Pollination===--> | + | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> |
| − | + | Populations of ''Persicaria hydropiperiodes'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.<ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> | |
| + | |||
| + | <!--===Pollination===--> | ||
| + | ===Herbivory and toxicology=== <!--Common herbivores, granivory, insect hosting, poisonous chemicals, allelopathy, etc--> | ||
| + | ''P. hydropiperoides'' has been observed to host planthoppers from the Delphacidae family such as ''Delphacodes puella'' and ''Pissonotus piceus'' and plant bugs from the Miridae family such as ''Lygus lineolaris'' and ''Pseudatomoscelis seriatus''.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> | ||
<!--==Diseases and parasites==--> | <!--==Diseases and parasites==--> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | ''P. hydropiperoides'' is on the threatened list in Indiana and New York. <ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> | + | ''P. hydropiperoides'' is on the threatened list in Indiana and New York.<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> |
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 07:27, 15 July 2022
Common Names: Swamp smartweed,[1] Waterpepper[2]
| Persicaria hydropiperoides | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by John Gwaltney hosted at Southeastern Flora.com | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicots |
| Order: | Polygonales |
| Family: | Polygonaceae |
| Genus: | Persicaria |
| Species: | P. hydropiperoides |
| Binomial name | |
| Persicaria hydropiperoides Michx. | |
| |
| Natural range of Persicaria hydropiperoides from Weakley.[3] | |
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Synonyms: Polygonum hydropiperoides Michaux; Polygonum hydropiperoides var. hydropiperoides; Polygonum hydropiperoides var. breviciliatum; Polygonum hydropiperoides var. euronotorum Fernald; Polygonum hydropiperoides var. opelousanum (Riddell ex Small) Riddell ex W. Stone; Polygonum opelousanum Riddell; Persicaria opelousana (Riddell ex Small) Small.[2]
Varieties: none.[2]
Description
P. hydropiperoides is a perennial forb/herb of the Polygonaceae family that is native to North America.[1] It is a rhizomatous perennial that often forms mats. The stems are terrete, with a glabrous or strigose texture, and ends that become erect and floriferous. The leaves are 5-10 cm long and 0.5-2 cm wide with a strigose texture. The base is cuneate, the petioles are 1-5 mm long, and the ocrea are 1 cm long. The nutlets are browns, lustrous, and trigonous.[2]
Distribution
Persicaria hydropiperoides is native throughout the continental United States excepting Colorado, Wyoming, and Utah, and has been introduced to Alaska. It is also found in British Columbia, Ontario, and Quebec.[1]
Ecology
Habitat
P. hydropiperoides has a high tolerance for anaerobic conditions and fire, but has a low tolerance for drought. It also requires full sunlight, extremely intolerant to shade.[1]
Habitats for Persicaria hydropiperoides include edges of cypress pond, slash pine flatwoods, and wet swale near bayou.[4] This plant flowers from May through November.[2]
Seed bank and germination
Seeding begins in spring and lasts until the end of summer.[1]
Fire ecology
Populations of Persicaria hydropiperiodes have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.[5]
Herbivory and toxicology
P. hydropiperoides has been observed to host planthoppers from the Delphacidae family such as Delphacodes puella and Pissonotus piceus and plant bugs from the Miridae family such as Lygus lineolaris and Pseudatomoscelis seriatus.[6]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
P. hydropiperoides is on the threatened list in Indiana and New York.[1]
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 USDA Plant Database
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ Weakley, Alan S. 2015. Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States: Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. 1320 pp.
- ↑ URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Richard Carter, Sidney McDaniel, Randy Haynes, Michael B. Brooks) States and counties: Georgia (Brantley) Mississippi (Pearl River, Jackson)
- ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
