Difference between revisions of "Muhlenbergia expansa"
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| + | Common names: Cutover muhly<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref>, Savanna hairgrass<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
<!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database --> | <!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database --> | ||
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==Taxonomic Notes== | ==Taxonomic Notes== | ||
| − | Synonym: ''M. capillaris'' | + | Synonym: ''M. capillaris'' var. ''trichopodes'' (Elliott) Vasey.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
| − | Variety: none | + | Variety: none.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
| − | ''M. expansa'' is a perennial graminoid of the Poaceae family that is native to North America. <ref name= "USDA" | + | ''M. expansa'' is a perennial graminoid of the Poaceae family that is native to North America.<ref name= "USDA"/> |
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| + | |||
| + | This species has an open and diffuse panicle which is broader than 4 cm. This panicle is capillary, flexuous, and fragile, tending to break up over the winter. It lacks rhizomes, has old leaf bases that are fibrous and curly, and is tufted with terete and erect culms. The glume bodies are 2.0-3.3 mm long. Its spikelets are borne on slender or capillary pedicels, colored brown or bronze and 2.5-5 mm long. Finally, the lemma is acuminate and its awn is 0-1.5 mm long.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | + | ''M. expansa'' ranges from southeastern Virginia to Florida and west to eastern Texas - nearly the exact range of ''Pinus palustri''s.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
| − | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | + | ===Habitat=== |
| − | + | Fine textured soils, and strongly acid sands are part of the ideal habitat for ''M. expansa''<ref name= "USDA"/> In general, pine savannas, pine flatwoods, and mesic areas in sandhill-pocosin ecotones are the environments where ''M. expansa'' can be found.<ref name= "Weakley"> Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.</ref> Specimens have been taken from flatwoods with pine savanna sandy loam.<ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: John Nelson, Pat Ferral, Richard Carter, R. Kral States and counties: South Carolina (Berkeley) Georgia (Wane)</ref> | |
| + | |||
| + | ''M. expansa'' became absent in response to military training in west Georgia longleaf pine forests. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished pine forests that were disturbed by this activity.<ref name=dale>Dale, V.H., S.C. Beyeler, and B. Jackson. (2002). Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. Ecological Indicators 1(3):155-170.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''M. expansa'' has been determined as an indicator species for the Henslow's Sparrows habitats in southeastern Louisiana, it is one of the preferred seeds of the sparrow.<ref name= "dimiceli">DiMiceli, J. K., et al. (2007). "Seed preferences of wintering Henslow's sparrows." Condor 109: 595-604.</ref> | ||
| + | <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| + | April is the common month where much of the growth happens for ''M. expansa''. Seeds are produced during the late summer months that can be dispersed throughout the following year.<ref name= "USDA"/> | ||
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
| − | + | ===Fire ecology=== | |
| − | <!--===Pollination===--> | + | This species is an important component to longleaf pine ecosystems and burning is a successful solution to managing the grass.<ref name= "USDA/> Flowering is stimulated by fire, so without it, large populations may be in a solely vegetative condition.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> Populations of ''Muhlenbergia expansa'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.<ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> |
| − | + | <!--===Pollination===--> | |
| − | <!--==Diseases and parasites==--> | + | ===Herbivory and toxicology=== |
| + | Animals use the grass for forage but is not used as a food source for any animal apart from some livestock but even then it is not their entire food source.<ref name= "USDA"/> When cattle do forage ''M. expansa'', it is in the late fall and early winter, but the species will decrease under heavy use.<ref name= "Forestland Grazing">Byrd, Nathan A. (1980). "Forestland Grazing: A Guide For Service Foresters In The South." U.S. Department of Agriculture.</ref> | ||
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| + | ''Muhlenbergia expansa'' should avoid soil disturbance by military training to conserve its presence in pine communities.<ref name=dale/> | ||
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 14:48, 14 July 2022
Common names: Cutover muhly[1], Savanna hairgrass[2]
| Muhlenbergia expansa | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Bobby Hattaway at Discoverlife.org | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Liliopsida - Moncots |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae |
| Genus: | Muhlenbergia |
| Species: | M. expansa |
| Binomial name | |
| Muhlenbergia expansa Poir. | |
| |
| Natural range of Muhlenbergia expansa from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Synonym: M. capillaris var. trichopodes (Elliott) Vasey.[2]
Variety: none.[2]
Description
M. expansa is a perennial graminoid of the Poaceae family that is native to North America.[1]
This species has an open and diffuse panicle which is broader than 4 cm. This panicle is capillary, flexuous, and fragile, tending to break up over the winter. It lacks rhizomes, has old leaf bases that are fibrous and curly, and is tufted with terete and erect culms. The glume bodies are 2.0-3.3 mm long. Its spikelets are borne on slender or capillary pedicels, colored brown or bronze and 2.5-5 mm long. Finally, the lemma is acuminate and its awn is 0-1.5 mm long.[2]
Distribution
M. expansa ranges from southeastern Virginia to Florida and west to eastern Texas - nearly the exact range of Pinus palustris.[2]
Ecology
Habitat
Fine textured soils, and strongly acid sands are part of the ideal habitat for M. expansa[1] In general, pine savannas, pine flatwoods, and mesic areas in sandhill-pocosin ecotones are the environments where M. expansa can be found.[3] Specimens have been taken from flatwoods with pine savanna sandy loam.[4]
M. expansa became absent in response to military training in west Georgia longleaf pine forests. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished pine forests that were disturbed by this activity.[5]
M. expansa has been determined as an indicator species for the Henslow's Sparrows habitats in southeastern Louisiana, it is one of the preferred seeds of the sparrow.[6]
Phenology
April is the common month where much of the growth happens for M. expansa. Seeds are produced during the late summer months that can be dispersed throughout the following year.[1]
Fire ecology
This species is an important component to longleaf pine ecosystems and burning is a successful solution to managing the grass.[1] Flowering is stimulated by fire, so without it, large populations may be in a solely vegetative condition.[2] Populations of Muhlenbergia expansa have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.[7]
Herbivory and toxicology
Animals use the grass for forage but is not used as a food source for any animal apart from some livestock but even then it is not their entire food source.[1] When cattle do forage M. expansa, it is in the late fall and early winter, but the species will decrease under heavy use.[8]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Muhlenbergia expansa should avoid soil disturbance by military training to conserve its presence in pine communities.[5]
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 USDA Plant Database
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
- ↑ URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: John Nelson, Pat Ferral, Richard Carter, R. Kral States and counties: South Carolina (Berkeley) Georgia (Wane)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Dale, V.H., S.C. Beyeler, and B. Jackson. (2002). Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. Ecological Indicators 1(3):155-170.
- ↑ DiMiceli, J. K., et al. (2007). "Seed preferences of wintering Henslow's sparrows." Condor 109: 595-604.
- ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Byrd, Nathan A. (1980). "Forestland Grazing: A Guide For Service Foresters In The South." U.S. Department of Agriculture.
