Difference between revisions of "Liatris spicata"
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| − | Common name: dense blazing star <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/>, florist's gayfeather <ref name= "Weakley 2015"/> | + | Common name: dense blazing star<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/>, florist's gayfeather<ref name= "Weakley 2015"/> |
<!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database --> | <!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database --> | ||
{{taxobox | {{taxobox | ||
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | ''L. spicata'' is a perennial forb/herb of the ''Asteraceae'' native to North America and Canada. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"> USDA Plant Database [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LISP https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LISP] </ref> | + | ''L. spicata'' is a perennial forb/herb of the ''Asteraceae'' native to North America and Canada.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"> USDA Plant Database [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LISP https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LISP] </ref> This plant grows up to 2 m tall, has a glabrous stem, with the fibers of old basal leaves usually present. The lower leaves are linear to narrowly elliptic, 1-3 dm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, and glabrous to pubescent along the midrib. The rachis is glabrous. The involucres are sessile, cylindric, 4-7 mm in diameter, with heads that are 8-flowered. The bracts are obtuse with hydraline margins. The corolla lobes are lavender and 2-4 mm long. The nutlets are pubescent on the ribs with pappus that are antrorsely barbed.<ref name="radford">Radford, A. E., Ahles, H. E., & Bell, C. R. (1968). Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.</ref> |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
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==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''L. spicata'' is found in bogs, wet longleaf pine savannas, seepages, prairies, roadsides, and grassy balds. <ref name= "Weakley 2015"> Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium. </ref> Specimens have been collected from moist loamy soils, sandy ridge, cypress pond edges, pine flatwoods, savanna, disturbed areas such as roadside and ditches, grass-sedge bog, and hardwood hammock.<ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, A.P. Anderson, R.K. Godfrey, R.L. Lazor, Ginny Vail, John Nelson, John Morrill, R. Kral, Lovett Williams, P.L. Redfearn, C. Jackson, Sidney McDaniel, Robert Doren, H.A. Davis, Steve Orzell, Edwin Bridges, Cecil Slaughter, R.F. Thorne, R.A. Davidson, Wm. G. Atwater, R. Komarek, Lisa Keppner, Katelin Pearson, Donald. Davidson. States and counties: Florida (Franklin, Levy, Washington, Wakulla, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Gulf, Escambia, Walton, Calhoun, Bay, Taylor, Bradford, Duval, Palm Beach, Indian River, Baker, Taylor, Liberty, Flagler, Pinellas, Dade, Collier, Volusia) Georgia (Thomas) South Carolina (Georgetown)</ref> | + | ''L. spicata'' is found in bogs, wet longleaf pine savannas, seepages, prairies, roadsides, and grassy balds.<ref name= "Weakley 2015"> Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium. </ref> Specimens have been collected from moist loamy soils, sandy ridge, cypress pond edges, pine flatwoods, savanna, disturbed areas such as roadside and ditches, grass-sedge bog, and hardwood hammock.<ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, A.P. Anderson, R.K. Godfrey, R.L. Lazor, Ginny Vail, John Nelson, John Morrill, R. Kral, Lovett Williams, P.L. Redfearn, C. Jackson, Sidney McDaniel, Robert Doren, H.A. Davis, Steve Orzell, Edwin Bridges, Cecil Slaughter, R.F. Thorne, R.A. Davidson, Wm. G. Atwater, R. Komarek, Lisa Keppner, Katelin Pearson, Donald. Davidson. States and counties: Florida (Franklin, Levy, Washington, Wakulla, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Gulf, Escambia, Walton, Calhoun, Bay, Taylor, Bradford, Duval, Palm Beach, Indian River, Baker, Taylor, Liberty, Flagler, Pinellas, Dade, Collier, Volusia) Georgia (Thomas) South Carolina (Georgetown)</ref> |
''Liatris spicata'' is an indicator species for the Panhandle Seepage Savannas community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref> | ''Liatris spicata'' is an indicator species for the Panhandle Seepage Savannas community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | ''L. spicata'' has been observed to flower in July, September, and October. <ref name= "PanFlora"> Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 24 MAY 2018 </ref> | + | ''L. spicata'' has been observed to flower in July, September, and October.<ref name= "PanFlora"> Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 24 MAY 2018 </ref> |
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | ''L. spicata'' is not fire resistant | + | ''L. spicata'' is not fire-resistant but has high fire tolerance.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> |
| − | <!--===Pollination===--> | + | |
| − | === | + | <!--===Pollination===--> |
| − | ''L. spicata'' has low palatability for browsing and grazing animals. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> The Palmetto Skipper (Euphyes arpa) has been observed on ''Liatris spicata''; the skipper is practically endemic to Florida. <ref name ="FFE">Observation by Edwin Bridges in Highlands County, December 26, 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group. </ref> | + | ===Herbivory and toxicology=== |
| + | <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ||
| + | ''Liatris spicata'' has been observed to host aphids such as ''Myzus sp.'' (family Aphididae).<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> Additionally, this species is visited by skippers from the Hesperiidae family such as ''Thorybes bathyllus'' and ''Wallengrenia otho'', and leafcutting wasps from the Megachilidae family such as ''Megachile pugnata''.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> ''L. spicata'' has low palatability for browsing and grazing animals.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> The Palmetto Skipper (Euphyes arpa) has been observed on ''Liatris spicata''; the skipper is practically endemic to Florida.<ref name ="FFE">Observation by Edwin Bridges in Highlands County, December 26, 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group. </ref> | ||
===Diseases and parasites=== | ===Diseases and parasites=== | ||
| − | ''L. spicata'' is highly colonized by mycorrhizal fungi. <ref name= "Anderson and Menges 1994"> Anderson, R. C. and E. S. Menges (1997). "Effects of fire on sandhill herbs: nutrients, mycorrhizae, and biomass allocation." American Journal of Botany 84: 938-948. </ref> | + | ''L. spicata'' is highly colonized by mycorrhizal fungi.<ref name= "Anderson and Menges 1994"> Anderson, R. C. and E. S. Menges (1997). "Effects of fire on sandhill herbs: nutrients, mycorrhizae, and biomass allocation." American Journal of Botany 84: 938-948. </ref> |
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 13:19, 14 July 2022
Common name: dense blazing star[1], florist's gayfeather[2]
| Liatris spicata | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by the Illinois Wildflowers Database | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicots |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | Liatris |
| Species: | L. spicata |
| Binomial name | |
| Liatris spicata L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Liatris spicata from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Synonyms: Laciniaria spicata (Linnaeus) Kuntze.[3]
Varieties: Liatris spicata (Linnaeus) Willdenow var. resinosa (Nuttall) Gaiser; Liatris spicata (Linnaeus) Willdenow var. spicata.[3]
Description
L. spicata is a perennial forb/herb of the Asteraceae native to North America and Canada.[1] This plant grows up to 2 m tall, has a glabrous stem, with the fibers of old basal leaves usually present. The lower leaves are linear to narrowly elliptic, 1-3 dm long, 0.5-1.5 cm wide, and glabrous to pubescent along the midrib. The rachis is glabrous. The involucres are sessile, cylindric, 4-7 mm in diameter, with heads that are 8-flowered. The bracts are obtuse with hydraline margins. The corolla lobes are lavender and 2-4 mm long. The nutlets are pubescent on the ribs with pappus that are antrorsely barbed.[4]
Distribution
L. spicata var. resinosa is found from New Jersey, south to southern Florida, and west to Louisianna. L. spicata var. squarrosa ranges north in Massachusetts, Ontario, and Michigan, south to Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Arizona.[3]
Ecology
Habitat
L. spicata is found in bogs, wet longleaf pine savannas, seepages, prairies, roadsides, and grassy balds.[2] Specimens have been collected from moist loamy soils, sandy ridge, cypress pond edges, pine flatwoods, savanna, disturbed areas such as roadside and ditches, grass-sedge bog, and hardwood hammock.[5]
Liatris spicata is an indicator species for the Panhandle Seepage Savannas community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[6]
Phenology
L. spicata has been observed to flower in July, September, and October.[7]
Fire ecology
L. spicata is not fire-resistant but has high fire tolerance.[1]
Herbivory and toxicology
Liatris spicata has been observed to host aphids such as Myzus sp. (family Aphididae).[8] Additionally, this species is visited by skippers from the Hesperiidae family such as Thorybes bathyllus and Wallengrenia otho, and leafcutting wasps from the Megachilidae family such as Megachile pugnata.[9] L. spicata has low palatability for browsing and grazing animals.[1] The Palmetto Skipper (Euphyes arpa) has been observed on Liatris spicata; the skipper is practically endemic to Florida.[10]
Diseases and parasites
L. spicata is highly colonized by mycorrhizal fungi.[11]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 USDA Plant Database https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LISP
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ Radford, A. E., Ahles, H. E., & Bell, C. R. (1968). Manual of the vascular flora of the Carolinas. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
- ↑ URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, A.P. Anderson, R.K. Godfrey, R.L. Lazor, Ginny Vail, John Nelson, John Morrill, R. Kral, Lovett Williams, P.L. Redfearn, C. Jackson, Sidney McDaniel, Robert Doren, H.A. Davis, Steve Orzell, Edwin Bridges, Cecil Slaughter, R.F. Thorne, R.A. Davidson, Wm. G. Atwater, R. Komarek, Lisa Keppner, Katelin Pearson, Donald. Davidson. States and counties: Florida (Franklin, Levy, Washington, Wakulla, Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, Gulf, Escambia, Walton, Calhoun, Bay, Taylor, Bradford, Duval, Palm Beach, Indian River, Baker, Taylor, Liberty, Flagler, Pinellas, Dade, Collier, Volusia) Georgia (Thomas) South Carolina (Georgetown)
- ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 24 MAY 2018
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [2]
- ↑ Observation by Edwin Bridges in Highlands County, December 26, 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group.
- ↑ Anderson, R. C. and E. S. Menges (1997). "Effects of fire on sandhill herbs: nutrients, mycorrhizae, and biomass allocation." American Journal of Botany 84: 938-948.
