Difference between revisions of "Hyptis alata"

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Common names: cluster bushmint<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> , musky mint<ref name= "kalmbacher">Kalmbacher, R. S., et al. (1994). "South Florida flatwoods range vegetation responses to season of deferment from grazing." Journal of Range Management 47(1): 43-47.</ref>
 
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==Taxonomic Notes==
 
==Taxonomic Notes==
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==Description==  
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Synonyms: ''H. radiata'' Willdenow.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
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<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
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Varieties: none.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
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==Description==<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
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''H. alata'' is a perennial forb/herb of the Lamiaceae family that is native to North America.<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> It can grow up to 4 feet tall with round flower heads and individual flowers spotted with purple. Leaves are simple, oppositely arranged, lanceolate, and with serrated leaf margins. As well, its common name comes from the musky mint odor the plant gives off.<ref name= "lady bird">[[https://www.wildflower.org/plants/search.php?search_field=&newsearch=true]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: May 30, 2019</ref>
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==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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''H. alata'' is found in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas in the southeastern United States.<ref name= "USDA"> [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CEAM USDA Plant Database]</ref> It is also native to the West Indies.<ref name= "Weakley"/>
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==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
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''H. alata'' is commonly found in wet pine savannas, edges of swamp forests, and moist ditches.<ref name= "Weakley"> Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.</ref> Additionally, habitats that specimens of ''H. alata'' have been recovered from include pine flatwoods, in sandy peat of swampland, burned pineland, cypress dome, wet sandy loam, and coastal hammock.<ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: R.K. Godfrey, R. Kral, Samuel B. Jones, Jr., Karen MacClendon, Gary R. Knight, Loran C. Anderson. States and counties: Florida (Charlotte, Brevard, Calhoun, Jackson, Franklin), Mississippi (Lamar) </ref> This species can grow in full sun and part shade, moist to wet sandy soils, acidic to circumneutral soil pH, and is cold and heat tolerant.<ref name= "lady bird"/> It is listed by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service as an obligate wetland species that is almost exclusively found in wetland habitats.<ref name= "USDA"/> As well, it is considered to be an indicator species of the calcareous savanna habitats in Florida.<ref name= "Carr">Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.</ref> In terms of disturbances, this species was shown to be negatively affected by clearcutting the overstory.<ref>Brockway, D. G. and C. E. Lewis (2003). "Influence of deer, cattle grazing and timber harvest on plant species diversity in a longleaf pine bluestem ecosystem." Forest Ecology and Management 175: 49-69.</ref>
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Associated species include ''Magnolia grandiflora'', ''Celtis'' sp., ''Tilia'' sp., ''Jacquemontia'' sp., ''Stachys'' sp., ''Polygonum'' sp., and others.<ref name= "FSU herbarium"/>
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''Hyptis alata'' is an indicator species for the Calcareous Savannas community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref>
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===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
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Generally, ''H. alata'' flowers from late June until September.<ref name= "Weakley"/> It has been observed to flower in June, July, September, and October.<ref name= "Pan Flora"> Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 22 MAY 2018</ref>
 
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===Seed bank and germination===
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Seeds of ''Hyptis alata'' have been found to persist in the seed bank even after a fire disturbance.<ref name= "Kalmbacher 2005">Kalmbacher, R., et al. (2005). "Seeds obtained by vacuuming the soil surface after fire compared with soil seedbank in a flatwoods plant community." Native Plants Journal 6: 233-241.</ref>
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===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
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This species has been observed in habitats that have fire disturbance.<ref name= "FSU herbarium"/> As well, even the seeds of this species were found to persist in the seed bank following a fire disturbance.<ref name= "Kalmbacher 2005"/>
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<!--===Pollination===-->
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===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
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This species attracts bees, birds, and butterflies, and is moderately deer resistant.<ref name= "lady bird"/> It is considered to be of poor forage value.<ref>Hilman, J. B. (1964). "Plants of the Caloosa Experimental Range " U.S. Forest Service Research Paper SE-12 </ref>
 
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==Conservation and Management==
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
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''Hyptis alata'' is considered a vulnerable species in the state of North Carolina.<ref>[[http://explorer.natureserve.org]] NatureServe Explorer. Accessed: May 30, 2019</ref>
  
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==Cultivation and restoration==
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==Cultural use==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
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==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==

Latest revision as of 14:53, 1 July 2022

Common names: cluster bushmint[1] , musky mint[2]

Hyptis alata
Hyptis alata SEF.jpg
Photo by the Southeastern Flora Plant Database
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida - Dicots
Order: Lamiales
Family: Lamiaceae
Genus: Hyptis
Species: H. alata
Binomial name
Hyptis alata
Raf.
HYPE ALAT DIST.JPG
Natural range of Hyptis alata from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Taxonomic Notes

Synonyms: H. radiata Willdenow.[3]

Varieties: none.[3]

Description

H. alata is a perennial forb/herb of the Lamiaceae family that is native to North America.[1] It can grow up to 4 feet tall with round flower heads and individual flowers spotted with purple. Leaves are simple, oppositely arranged, lanceolate, and with serrated leaf margins. As well, its common name comes from the musky mint odor the plant gives off.[4]

Distribution

H. alata is found in Florida, Georgia, South Carolina, North Carolina, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas in the southeastern United States.[1] It is also native to the West Indies.[5]

Ecology

Habitat

H. alata is commonly found in wet pine savannas, edges of swamp forests, and moist ditches.[5] Additionally, habitats that specimens of H. alata have been recovered from include pine flatwoods, in sandy peat of swampland, burned pineland, cypress dome, wet sandy loam, and coastal hammock.[6] This species can grow in full sun and part shade, moist to wet sandy soils, acidic to circumneutral soil pH, and is cold and heat tolerant.[4] It is listed by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service as an obligate wetland species that is almost exclusively found in wetland habitats.[1] As well, it is considered to be an indicator species of the calcareous savanna habitats in Florida.[7] In terms of disturbances, this species was shown to be negatively affected by clearcutting the overstory.[8]

Associated species include Magnolia grandiflora, Celtis sp., Tilia sp., Jacquemontia sp., Stachys sp., Polygonum sp., and others.[6]

Hyptis alata is an indicator species for the Calcareous Savannas community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[9]

Phenology

Generally, H. alata flowers from late June until September.[5] It has been observed to flower in June, July, September, and October.[10]

Seed bank and germination

Seeds of Hyptis alata have been found to persist in the seed bank even after a fire disturbance.[11]

Fire ecology

This species has been observed in habitats that have fire disturbance.[6] As well, even the seeds of this species were found to persist in the seed bank following a fire disturbance.[11]

Herbivory and toxicology

This species attracts bees, birds, and butterflies, and is moderately deer resistant.[4] It is considered to be of poor forage value.[12]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

Hyptis alata is considered a vulnerable species in the state of North Carolina.[13]

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 USDA Plant Database
  2. ↑ Kalmbacher, R. S., et al. (1994). "South Florida flatwoods range vegetation responses to season of deferment from grazing." Journal of Range Management 47(1): 43-47.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 [[1]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: May 30, 2019
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: R.K. Godfrey, R. Kral, Samuel B. Jones, Jr., Karen MacClendon, Gary R. Knight, Loran C. Anderson. States and counties: Florida (Charlotte, Brevard, Calhoun, Jackson, Franklin), Mississippi (Lamar)
  7. ↑ Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.
  8. ↑ Brockway, D. G. and C. E. Lewis (2003). "Influence of deer, cattle grazing and timber harvest on plant species diversity in a longleaf pine bluestem ecosystem." Forest Ecology and Management 175: 49-69.
  9. ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
  10. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 22 MAY 2018
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kalmbacher, R., et al. (2005). "Seeds obtained by vacuuming the soil surface after fire compared with soil seedbank in a flatwoods plant community." Native Plants Journal 6: 233-241.
  12. ↑ Hilman, J. B. (1964). "Plants of the Caloosa Experimental Range " U.S. Forest Service Research Paper SE-12
  13. ↑ [[2]] NatureServe Explorer. Accessed: May 30, 2019
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