Difference between revisions of "Fuirena squarrosa"

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Common name: hairy umbrella-sedge; salt-marsh umbrellagrass
 
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==Taxonomic Notes==
 
==Taxonomic Notes==
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Synonyms: ''Fuirena hispida'' Elliott.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
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Varieties: none.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
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==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
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''F. squarrosa'' is a native perennial graminoid that is a member of the Cyperaceae family <ref name= "USDA"> USDA Plants Database URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=FUSQ </ref>. Species in this family grow reproductive units in the form of spikelets, which contain highly simplified flowers <ref name= "Reutemann"> Reutemann, A. G., Vegetti, A. C., and Pozner, R. Inflorescence development in Abildgaardieae (Cyperaceae, Cyperoideae). Flora 210: 3-12. </ref>. ''F. squarrosa'' has alternate simple leaves shaped linearly, and contains a fibrous root structure like most Monocots. The inflorescence is a spikelet, like other grasses, and the perianth contains bristles.<ref name= "Ladybird"> Ladybird Johnson Wildflower Center URL: www.wildflower.org </ref>
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==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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The species can be found in the Southeast United States, ranging from Texas to Virginia, as well as in the Northeast in Maryland, New Jersey, and New York <ref name= "USDA"/>. It becomes more rare in communities located in Tennessee, Delaware, and New Jersey <ref name= "Nature"> NatureServe Explorer URL: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/ </ref>. Although it is mainly distributed along the southeastern coastal plain, it is less strictly limited than other species.<ref name= "Weakley"/>
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==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
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<!--===Phenology===--> <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
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''F. squarrosa'' can be found in mesic communities, including sphagnous bogs, <ref name= "Bridges"/> and can be found infrequently in pine-palmetto communities and wet prairies <ref name= "Hilmon"> Hilmon, J. B. (1964). "Plants of the Caloosa Experimental Range " U.S. Forest Service Research Paper SE-12 </ref>. As well, ''F. squarrosa'' is present in habitats ranging from wet sandy loams of roadside depressions and other wet loamy sand disturbed sites. <ref name= "Herbarium"> Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, Travis MacClendon, Karen MacClendon, George Wilder, J. Roche, R. A. Norris, Helen Roth, Floyd Griffith, and Richard Carter. States and counties: Florida: Putnam, Bay, Calhoun, Leon, Gadsden, and Jackson. Georgia: Brantley. </ref> In the New York coastal plain ponds, ''F. squarrosa'' is seen to be restricted to pond-shores, and is only observed in low water years.<ref>Zaremba, R. E. and E. E. Lamont (1993). "The status of the coastal plain pondshore community in New York." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 120(2): 180-187.</ref> It is listed by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service as an obligate wetland species, where it only occurs in wetland habitats.<ref name= "USDA"/> As well, ''F. squarrosa'' is considered an indicator species of panhandle seepage savannas in north Florida.<ref name= "Carr">Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.</ref>
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Associated species - ''Eleocharis tuberculosa'', ''Gentiana saponaria'', ''Bartonia paniculata'', ''Platanthera cristata'', ''Pyrus arbutifolia'', and ''Viburnum nudum'' <ref name= "Bridges"> Bridges, E. L. and S. L. Orzell (1989). "Syngonanthus flavidulus (Eriocaulaceae) new to Mississippi." SIDA, Contributions to Botany 13(4): 512-515. </ref>.
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''Fuirena squarrosa'' is an indicator species for the Panhandle Seepage Savannas community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref>
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===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
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This species generally flowers from July until October.<ref name= "Weakley">Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.</ref> This bloom time also denotes the fruiting period for ''F. squrrosa''.<ref name= "Ladybird"/> Flowering time ranges continuously from August until October, while fruit development has been seen in the months of May and October. <ref name= "Herbarium"/> 
 
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===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
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Sphagnous bogs and other similar communities are fire dependent due to their high acidity, which makes ''F. squarrosa'' dependent on fire frequency <ref name= "Campbell"> Campbell, C. S. (1983). "Systematics of the Andropogon virginicus complex (Gramineae)." Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 64(2): 171-254. </ref>.
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===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
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This species is considered to be of poor foraging quality.<ref>Hilman, J. B. (1964). "Plants of the Caloosa Experimental Range " U.S. Forest Service Research Paper SE-12 </ref>
 
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==Conservation and Management==
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
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This species is listed as threatened by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Natural Features Inventory, and is listed as a species of special concern by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Natural Heritage Program.<ref name= "USDA"/>
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==Cultivation and restoration==
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==Cultural use==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
</gallery>
 
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==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==

Latest revision as of 19:51, 30 June 2022

Common name: hairy umbrella-sedge; salt-marsh umbrellagrass

Fuirena squarrosa
Fuirena squarrosa AFP.jpg
Photo by the Atlas of Florida Plants Database
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Liliopsida - Moncots
Order: Poales
Family: Cyperaceae
Genus: Fuirena
Species: F. squarrosa
Binomial name
Fuirena squarrosa
Michx.
FUIR SQUA DIST.JPG
Natural range of Fuirena squarrosa from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Taxonomic Notes

Synonyms: Fuirena hispida Elliott.[1]

Varieties: none.[1]

Description

F. squarrosa is a native perennial graminoid that is a member of the Cyperaceae family [2]. Species in this family grow reproductive units in the form of spikelets, which contain highly simplified flowers [3]. F. squarrosa has alternate simple leaves shaped linearly, and contains a fibrous root structure like most Monocots. The inflorescence is a spikelet, like other grasses, and the perianth contains bristles.[4]

Distribution

The species can be found in the Southeast United States, ranging from Texas to Virginia, as well as in the Northeast in Maryland, New Jersey, and New York [2]. It becomes more rare in communities located in Tennessee, Delaware, and New Jersey [5]. Although it is mainly distributed along the southeastern coastal plain, it is less strictly limited than other species.[6]

Ecology

Habitat

F. squarrosa can be found in mesic communities, including sphagnous bogs, [7] and can be found infrequently in pine-palmetto communities and wet prairies [8]. As well, F. squarrosa is present in habitats ranging from wet sandy loams of roadside depressions and other wet loamy sand disturbed sites. [9] In the New York coastal plain ponds, F. squarrosa is seen to be restricted to pond-shores, and is only observed in low water years.[10] It is listed by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service as an obligate wetland species, where it only occurs in wetland habitats.[2] As well, F. squarrosa is considered an indicator species of panhandle seepage savannas in north Florida.[11]

Associated species - Eleocharis tuberculosa, Gentiana saponaria, Bartonia paniculata, Platanthera cristata, Pyrus arbutifolia, and Viburnum nudum [7].

Fuirena squarrosa is an indicator species for the Panhandle Seepage Savannas community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[12]

Phenology

This species generally flowers from July until October.[6] This bloom time also denotes the fruiting period for F. squrrosa.[4] Flowering time ranges continuously from August until October, while fruit development has been seen in the months of May and October. [9]

Fire ecology

Sphagnous bogs and other similar communities are fire dependent due to their high acidity, which makes F. squarrosa dependent on fire frequency [13].

Herbivory and toxicology

This species is considered to be of poor foraging quality.[14]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

This species is listed as threatened by the Michigan Department of Natural Resources, Natural Features Inventory, and is listed as a species of special concern by the Tennessee Department of Environment and Conservation, Natural Heritage Program.[2]

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. ↑ Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 USDA Plants Database URL: https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=FUSQ
  3. Jump up ↑ Reutemann, A. G., Vegetti, A. C., and Pozner, R. Inflorescence development in Abildgaardieae (Cyperaceae, Cyperoideae). Flora 210: 3-12.
  4. ↑ Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 Ladybird Johnson Wildflower Center URL: www.wildflower.org
  5. Jump up ↑ NatureServe Explorer URL: http://www.natureserve.org/explorer/
  6. ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
  7. ↑ Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 Bridges, E. L. and S. L. Orzell (1989). "Syngonanthus flavidulus (Eriocaulaceae) new to Mississippi." SIDA, Contributions to Botany 13(4): 512-515.
  8. Jump up ↑ Hilmon, J. B. (1964). "Plants of the Caloosa Experimental Range " U.S. Forest Service Research Paper SE-12
  9. ↑ Jump up to: 9.0 9.1 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, Travis MacClendon, Karen MacClendon, George Wilder, J. Roche, R. A. Norris, Helen Roth, Floyd Griffith, and Richard Carter. States and counties: Florida: Putnam, Bay, Calhoun, Leon, Gadsden, and Jackson. Georgia: Brantley.
  10. Jump up ↑ Zaremba, R. E. and E. E. Lamont (1993). "The status of the coastal plain pondshore community in New York." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 120(2): 180-187.
  11. Jump up ↑ Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.
  12. Jump up ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
  13. Jump up ↑ Campbell, C. S. (1983). "Systematics of the Andropogon virginicus complex (Gramineae)." Journal of the Arnold Arboretum 64(2): 171-254.
  14. Jump up ↑ Hilman, J. B. (1964). "Plants of the Caloosa Experimental Range " U.S. Forest Service Research Paper SE-12
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