Difference between revisions of "Cuscuta compacta"
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Cuscuta compacta'' from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CUCO2 Plants Database]. | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Cuscuta compacta'' from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=CUCO2 Plants Database]. | ||
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| − | Common Name: | + | Common Name: Compact Dodder<ref name="Weakley 2015">Weakley AS (2015) Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Herbarium.</ref><ref name="USDA">USDA NRCS (2016) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 24 January 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref> |
==Taxonomic Notes== | ==Taxonomic Notes== | ||
| − | + | Synonyms: none.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | |
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: none.<ref name="weakley">Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | ''C. compacta'' is a parasitic dioecious perennial that grows as a forb/herb or a vine.<ref name="USDA"/> Stems are more than 2 mm in diameter. | + | ''C. compacta'' is a parasitic dioecious perennial that grows as a forb/herb or a vine.<ref name="USDA"/> Stems are more than 2 mm in diameter, yellow-green, and form rope-like masses. Although this species is typically a light green color, there is considerable variation within the species. Its inflorescence is a glomerule of 3-5 tubular flowers 5 mm long and 2 mm wide. Seeds are 2-2.6 mm long, brown when fresh, scurfy, globose, ovate to angled or flattened, and oblong.<ref name="Musselman 1986">Musselman LJ (1986) The genus ''Cuscuta'' in Virginia. Castanea 51(3):188-196.</ref><ref name="Austin 1980">Austin DF (1980) Studies of the Florida Convolvulaceae - III. ''Cuscuta''. Florida Scientist 43(4):294-302.</ref> |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| Line 29: | Line 31: | ||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
| + | Species in the ''Cuscuta'' genus are parasitic, growing on hosts for nutrition.<ref name= "Weakley 2015"/> This species in particular can be found on a large range of herbaceous and woody hosts within its native region.<ref name= "Austin 1980"/> | ||
| + | |||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''C. compacta'' is found on herbaceous and woody hosts in bottomland forests, stream banks, marshes, swamps, pine savannahs, wet fields, and other wet habitats.<ref name="Weakley 2015"/> This species has been reported parasitizing ''Vaccinium ashei'' and '' | + | ''C. compacta'' is found on herbaceous and woody hosts in bottomland forests, stream banks, marshes, swamps, pine savannahs, wet fields, and other wet habitats.<ref name="Weakley 2015"/><ref name="Musselman 1986"/> This species has been reported parasitizing a wide range of species<ref name="Musselman 1986"/>, including ''Vaccinium ashei'' and ''[[Vaccinium corymbosum]]'' in North Carolina<ref name="Monaco & Mainland 1981">Monaco TJ, Mainland CM (1981) ''Cuscuta compacta'' on blueberries in North Carolina. Haustorium, Parasitic Plants Newsletter 7:1.</ref> and ''Citrus sinensis'' in Florida.<ref name="Price 1965"/> In Virginia, ''C. compacta'' is the only dodder to grow on ''Alnus serrulata'', and has not been recorded parasitizing any monocots. Other frequent hosts in Virginia include species of ''Acer'', ''Liquidambar'', ''Rubus'', ''Rhus'', and ''Aralia''.<ref name="Musselman 1986"/> In Florida, Georgia, and Alabama, it has been observed on ''Ilex glabra'' and ''Myrica cerifera'' along an ecotone between woodlands and a cypress swamp, a shaded sandy loam, on ''Lyonia'' and ''Illicium'' on an upper slope, along a dam embankment, on ''Cliftonia monophylla'' in a disturbed area, on ''Sambucus'' in a border of a swampy area, on sandrock banks, and a moist roadside depression.<ref name= "herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: April 2019. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, Bill Boothe, Marcia Boothe, V. Craig, Robert K. Godfrey, J. M. Kane, Lisa Keppner, R. Kral, R. A. Norris, and H. Roth. States and Counties: Florida: Gadsden, Holmes, Liberty, Wakulla, and Washington. Georgia: Grady and Thomas. Alabama: Cherokee.</ref> |
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | In the southern and mid-Atlantic United States, ''C. compacta'' | + | In the southern and mid-Atlantic United States, ''C. compacta'' has been observed to flower from late July through November.<ref name="Weakley 2015"/><ref name="PanFlora">Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 24 JAN 2018</ref> Flowering in Virginia occurs from August 15th to September 28th.<ref name="Musselman 1986"/> |
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| + | In Virginia, ''C. compacta'' has a very high percentage of seed set. Germination occurs best at temperatures of 22-23 °C.<ref name="Musselman 1986"/> It is known to germinate throughout the growing season.<ref name= "Haustorium">Monaco, T. J. and C. M. Mainland (1981). "Cuscuta compacta on blueberries in North Carolina." Haustorium, Parasitic Plants Newsletter 7: 1.</ref> | ||
<!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | <!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | |||
| − | === | + | ===Pollination=== |
| − | + | While other species of ''Cuscuta'' are well adapted for insect pollination, ''C. compacta'' is well developed for autogamy.<ref name="Musselman 1986"/> | |
| − | ==Diseases and parasites== | + | ===Herbivory and toxicology===It has been rumored that rattlesnakes would take this plant into their dens for food<ref name="Gilmore 1911">Gilmore MR (1919) Uses of plants by the indians of the Missouri river region. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report 33.</ref>, however this has not been verified. |
| + | |||
| + | ===Diseases and parasites=== | ||
''C. compacta'' is reported to transmit the psorosis virus to 5% of sweet orange (''Citrus sinensis'') tested.<ref name="Price 1965">Price WC (1965) Transmission of psorosis virus by dodder. International organization of citrus virologists conference proceedings (1957-2010) 3(3):162-166.</ref> | ''C. compacta'' is reported to transmit the psorosis virus to 5% of sweet orange (''Citrus sinensis'') tested.<ref name="Price 1965">Price WC (1965) Transmission of psorosis virus by dodder. International organization of citrus virologists conference proceedings (1957-2010) 3(3):162-166.</ref> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | + | ''C. compacta'' is listed as presumed extirpated by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Species in the ''Cuscuta'' genus are considered to be a noxious weed in the following states: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, and Vermont; it is even prohibited or quarantined in some of these states. Of these, most exclude native or widely distributed species.<ref name= "USDA"/> | |
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
| + | Pawnee Indians would use ''C. compacta'' to dye materials, such as feathers, orange. Maidens of the Pawnee would also use the parasite for divination to determine if their suitors sincerely loved them. | ||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 08:37, 22 June 2022
| Cuscuta compacta | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by the Atlas of Florida Plants Database | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicots |
| Order: | Solanales |
| Family: | Cuscutaceae |
| Genus: | Cuscuta |
| Species: | C. compacta |
| Binomial name | |
| Cuscuta compacta Juss | |
| |
| Natural range of Cuscuta compacta from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common Name: Compact Dodder[1][2]
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Synonyms: none.[3]
Varieties: none.[3]
Description
C. compacta is a parasitic dioecious perennial that grows as a forb/herb or a vine.[2] Stems are more than 2 mm in diameter, yellow-green, and form rope-like masses. Although this species is typically a light green color, there is considerable variation within the species. Its inflorescence is a glomerule of 3-5 tubular flowers 5 mm long and 2 mm wide. Seeds are 2-2.6 mm long, brown when fresh, scurfy, globose, ovate to angled or flattened, and oblong.[4][5]
Distribution
C. compacta occurs from Nebraska, south to Texas, eastward to central peninsular Florida, and northward to Illinois, New York, and New Hampshire.[1][2] It has also been introduced in Quebec Canada.[2]
Ecology
Species in the Cuscuta genus are parasitic, growing on hosts for nutrition.[1] This species in particular can be found on a large range of herbaceous and woody hosts within its native region.[5]
Habitat
C. compacta is found on herbaceous and woody hosts in bottomland forests, stream banks, marshes, swamps, pine savannahs, wet fields, and other wet habitats.[1][4] This species has been reported parasitizing a wide range of species[4], including Vaccinium ashei and Vaccinium corymbosum in North Carolina[6] and Citrus sinensis in Florida.[7] In Virginia, C. compacta is the only dodder to grow on Alnus serrulata, and has not been recorded parasitizing any monocots. Other frequent hosts in Virginia include species of Acer, Liquidambar, Rubus, Rhus, and Aralia.[4] In Florida, Georgia, and Alabama, it has been observed on Ilex glabra and Myrica cerifera along an ecotone between woodlands and a cypress swamp, a shaded sandy loam, on Lyonia and Illicium on an upper slope, along a dam embankment, on Cliftonia monophylla in a disturbed area, on Sambucus in a border of a swampy area, on sandrock banks, and a moist roadside depression.[8]
Phenology
In the southern and mid-Atlantic United States, C. compacta has been observed to flower from late July through November.[1][9] Flowering in Virginia occurs from August 15th to September 28th.[4]
Seed bank and germination
In Virginia, C. compacta has a very high percentage of seed set. Germination occurs best at temperatures of 22-23 °C.[4] It is known to germinate throughout the growing season.[10]
Pollination
While other species of Cuscuta are well adapted for insect pollination, C. compacta is well developed for autogamy.[4]
===Herbivory and toxicology===It has been rumored that rattlesnakes would take this plant into their dens for food[11], however this has not been verified.
Diseases and parasites
C. compacta is reported to transmit the psorosis virus to 5% of sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) tested.[7]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
C. compacta is listed as presumed extirpated by the Ohio Department of Natural Resources. Species in the Cuscuta genus are considered to be a noxious weed in the following states: Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Florida, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, North Carolina, Oregon, South Carolina, South Dakota, and Vermont; it is even prohibited or quarantined in some of these states. Of these, most exclude native or widely distributed species.[2]
Cultural use
Pawnee Indians would use C. compacta to dye materials, such as feathers, orange. Maidens of the Pawnee would also use the parasite for divination to determine if their suitors sincerely loved them.
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Weakley AS (2015) Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Herbarium.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 USDA NRCS (2016) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 24 January 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Musselman LJ (1986) The genus Cuscuta in Virginia. Castanea 51(3):188-196.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Austin DF (1980) Studies of the Florida Convolvulaceae - III. Cuscuta. Florida Scientist 43(4):294-302.
- ↑ Monaco TJ, Mainland CM (1981) Cuscuta compacta on blueberries in North Carolina. Haustorium, Parasitic Plants Newsletter 7:1.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Price WC (1965) Transmission of psorosis virus by dodder. International organization of citrus virologists conference proceedings (1957-2010) 3(3):162-166.
- ↑ Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: April 2019. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, Bill Boothe, Marcia Boothe, V. Craig, Robert K. Godfrey, J. M. Kane, Lisa Keppner, R. Kral, R. A. Norris, and H. Roth. States and Counties: Florida: Gadsden, Holmes, Liberty, Wakulla, and Washington. Georgia: Grady and Thomas. Alabama: Cherokee.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 24 JAN 2018
- ↑ Monaco, T. J. and C. M. Mainland (1981). "Cuscuta compacta on blueberries in North Carolina." Haustorium, Parasitic Plants Newsletter 7: 1.
- ↑ Gilmore MR (1919) Uses of plants by the indians of the Missouri river region. Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology, Annual Report 33.
