Difference between revisions of "Agalinis tenuifolia"
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===Pollination and use by animals=== | ===Pollination and use by animals=== | ||
| − | ''Agalinis tenuifolia'' attracts a wide variety of pollinators, including ''Pseudopanurgus parvus'' (family Andrenidae), ''Ceratina strenua'' (family Apidae), ''Megachile mendica'' (family Megachilidae), as well as members of the Colletidae family such as ''Hylaeus affinis'', ''H. leptocephalus'', ''H. mesillae'', and ''H. modestus''.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> ''A. tenuifolia'' can also serve as larval food for the common buckeye butterfly ''Junonia coenia'' caterpillars.<ref name="illinois">[[http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/slfs_foxglove.htm]]Illinois Wildflowers. Accessed: March 21, 2016</ref> ''Agalinis'' species, including this one, host larvae of the common buckeye butterfly (''Junonia coenia'') in Florida.<ref name="Hammer 2016">Observation by Roger Hammer in Silver Springs State Park, Marion County, FL. September 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group August 4, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/common-gerardia-slender-gerardia-slender-false-foxglove Missouri Department of Conservation]</ref> | + | ''Agalinis tenuifolia'' attracts a wide variety of pollinators, including ''Pseudopanurgus parvus'' (family Andrenidae), ''Ceratina strenua'' (family Apidae), ''Megachile mendica'' (family Megachilidae), as well as members of the Colletidae family such as ''Hylaeus affinis'', ''H. leptocephalus'', ''H. mesillae'', and ''H. modestus''.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> ''A. tenuifolia'' can also serve as larval food for the common buckeye butterfly ''Junonia coenia'' caterpillars.<ref name="illinois">[[http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/prairie/plantx/slfs_foxglove.htm]]Illinois Wildflowers. Accessed: March 21, 2016</ref> A variety of ''Agalinis'' species, including this one, host larvae of the common buckeye butterfly (''Junonia coenia'') in Florida.<ref name="Hammer 2016">Observation by Roger Hammer in Silver Springs State Park, Marion County, FL. September 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group August 4, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/common-gerardia-slender-gerardia-slender-false-foxglove Missouri Department of Conservation]</ref> |
===Diseases and parasites=== | ===Diseases and parasites=== | ||
Revision as of 08:16, 10 June 2021
| Agalinis tenuifolia | |
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| Photo by John R. Gwaltney, Southeastern Flora.com | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Orobanchaceae |
| Genus: | Agalinis |
| Species: | A. tenuifolia |
| Binomial name | |
| Agalinis tenuifolia (Vahl) Raf. | |
| |
| Natural range of Agalinis tenuifolia from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Slender garardia; Slenderleaf false foxglove
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Gerardia tenuifolia Vahl; Gerardia polyphylla Small.[1]
Description
Annual. Parasitic to the roots of grasses and other herbs. Leaves are opposite, linear to filiform, and sometimes will have tufts on the shoots. Flowers are showy, in terminal racemes; the calyx is 5-parted, the lobes are shorter than the tube; the corolla is 5-parted. The flowers are rose-lavender in color and are rarely white. There are usually 2 yellow lines and numerous purple spots in the throat on the tube. The tube is broad, campanulate, and the lobes are shorter than the tube. The throat is usually lanose at the base of the 2 upper corolla lobes. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, that include filaments and anthers that are also lanose. The stigmas are elongated. The capsules are globose or subglobose, loculicidal.[2]
Is very similar to Agalinis setacea. The difference between Agalinis tenuifolia and Agalinis setacea has to do with the upper corolla lobes. On A. tenuifolia, the upper corolla lobes will be arching over the stamens and closing, or nearly closing, the throat. On a dried specimen of A. tenuifolia, the upper lobes are glabrous basally, making it possible for determination. Flowers August to October,[2] with peak inflorescence in October in northern Florida.[3]
Distribution
Agalinis tenuifolia is the most widely distributed throughout eastern North America,[4] although varieties leucanthera and polyphylla are limited to the southeaseastern U.S..[5]
Ecology
This species is a vigorous parasite. It forms haustoria on all 19 commercial species included in Appendix III. No clear host preference was shown, although hardwood species supported more parasitic attachments than pine species [4]. It has been observed to be parasitic on grasses, gray goldenrod, western yarrow, wild strawberry, and tall anemone.[6]
Habitat
Agalinis tenuifolia can be found in undisturbed grasslands and areas with low soil nutrients in the Great Lakes region.[7] Natural habitat in the Coastal Plain includes open upland woodlands, mixed pine-hardwood stands, mesic wooded edges of limestone glades and open grassy limestone glades, scrubby floodplain woods, borders of wooded mesic hammocks, dry sandy slopes, and calcareous clearings.[8] It occurs on xeric limestone prairies of Illinois, [7] and in moist to dry savannas and bluffs.[9] Prefers semi-shade and sandy soils including sandy loam, sandy clay, and drying or dry loamy sand.[8]
Agalinis tenuifolia also commonly grows in disturbed sites,[4][10] including clear cut areas and the edges of pine plantations. Large populations may also be found growing at the margins of ditches and in other wet or moist habitats.[4]
Associated species include Aristida, Eupatorium, Juniperus, Schoenus nigricans, Tridens flavus, Agalinis divaricata and others.[8]
Phenology
In the Coastal Plain it has been observed flowering September through November, and fruiting in October and November.[8]
Seed dispersal
The shiny globoid seed capsule containing many small seeds can be blown by the wind.[11] This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity. [12]
Pollination and use by animals
Agalinis tenuifolia attracts a wide variety of pollinators, including Pseudopanurgus parvus (family Andrenidae), Ceratina strenua (family Apidae), Megachile mendica (family Megachilidae), as well as members of the Colletidae family such as Hylaeus affinis, H. leptocephalus, H. mesillae, and H. modestus.[13] A. tenuifolia can also serve as larval food for the common buckeye butterfly Junonia coenia caterpillars.[11] A variety of Agalinis species, including this one, host larvae of the common buckeye butterfly (Junonia coenia) in Florida.[14][15]
Diseases and parasites
A. tenuifolia is a hemiparasitic species capable of extracting sugars and proteins from a host, along with surviving without a host by preforming photosynthesis.[16] In the absence of a host, it grows autotropically and can complete its lifecycle without a host. When a host is present, reception of chemical signals enable the parasitic mode causing root elongation to slow and accelerated growth of haustorium. Haustorium are not present unless a host is present.[17]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draft of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. 1964, 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press. 960 pp. Print.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 15 JAN 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Musselman, L.J. and W.F. Mann, Jr. 1978. Root parasites of southern forests. General Technical Report SO-20. New Orleans, LA, USDA Forest Service.
- ↑ USDA NRCS Plants Database accessed 15 JAN 2015.
- ↑ [[1]]Kansas Wildflowers and Grasses. Accessed: March 22, 2016
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hogg, E.H. and J.K. Morton. 1983. The effects of nesting gulls on the vegetation and soil of islands in the Great Lakes. Canadian Journal of Botany 61:3240-3254.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, L. Brouillet, J. M. Canne, A. F. Clewell, Angus Gholson, Robert K. Godfrey, R. Karl, S. W. Leonard, and John C. Semple. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Escambia, Gadsden, Jackson, Lafayette, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Walton, Wakulla, and Washington. Georgia: Newton.
- ↑ Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 547 pp. Print.
- ↑ Observation by Floyd Griffith in Jackson County, October 20, 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group October 20, 2016.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 [[2]]Illinois Wildflowers. Accessed: March 21, 2016
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [3]
- ↑ Observation by Roger Hammer in Silver Springs State Park, Marion County, FL. September 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group August 4, 2017.
- ↑ Missouri Department of Conservation
- ↑ Riopel, J. L. and L. J. Musselman (1979). "Experimental Initiation of Haustoria in Agalinis purpurea (Scrophulariaceae)." American Journal of Botany 66(5): 570-575.
- ↑ Wm. Vance, B. and J. L. Riopel (1984). "Experimental Studies of Haustorium Initiation and Early Development in Agalinis purpurea (L.) Raf. (Scrophulariaceae)." American Journal of Botany 71(6): 803-814.
