Difference between revisions of "Trichostema dichotomum"
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | "Pubescent annual or weak perennial herbs from tap roots, freely branched with opposite branches. Stems obscurely angled, usually stipitate-glandular, leafy. Leaves entire or toothed, rarely lobed, petiolate to essentially sessile. Inflorescence a panicle of paired, bracteate, helicoid cymes with a flower at the axis of each pair; bracts similar to the leaves, smaller. Calyx bilabiate, lower lip longer than the upper with 3 essentially equal teeth, upper with 2 similar teeth; corolla blue to violet, zygomorphic, 5-lobed, lowest lobe lip-like, 5-10 mm long, lateral triangular-ovate, 2-4 mm long, tube short. Stamens 4, ca. 2X as long as the corolla, curved between the lateral lobes and curled downward almost meeting the lip; stigma bilobed, style curled in same fashion as stamens. Mericarps brownish to olive or blackish, dull, obovoid." <ref name="Radford et al 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 897. Print.</ref> | + | "Pubescent annual or weak perennial herbs from tap roots, freely branched with opposite branches. Stems obscurely angled, usually stipitate-glandular, leafy. Leaves entire or toothed, rarely lobed, petiolate to essentially sessile. Inflorescence a panicle of paired, bracteate, helicoid cymes with a flower at the axis of each pair; bracts similar to the leaves, smaller. Calyx bilabiate, lower lip longer than the upper with 3 essentially equal teeth, upper with 2 similar teeth; corolla blue to violet, zygomorphic, 5-lobed, lowest lobe lip-like, 5-10 mm long, lateral triangular-ovate, 2-4 mm long, tube short. Stamens 4, ca. 2X as long as the corolla, curved between the lateral lobes and curled downward almost meeting the lip; stigma bilobed, style curled in same fashion as stamens. Mericarps brownish to olive or blackish, dull, obovoid."<ref name="Radford et al 1964">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 897. Print.</ref> |
| − | "At least the principal stems spreading pubescent, the trichomes 0.2-1 mm long, usually bearded at the nodes. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 2-7 cm long, 0.4-2.3 cm wide, entire, crenate, or rarely loved, base tapered to cuneate or attenuate; petioles 0-1.5 cm long. Mericarps distinctly reticulate, 1.9-2.3 mm long." <ref name="Radford et al 1964"/> | + | "At least the principal stems spreading pubescent, the trichomes 0.2-1 mm long, usually bearded at the nodes. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 2-7 cm long, 0.4-2.3 cm wide, entire, crenate, or rarely loved, base tapered to cuneate or attenuate; petioles 0-1.5 cm long. Mericarps distinctly reticulate, 1.9-2.3 mm long."<ref name="Radford et al 1964"/> |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | In the Coastal Plain in Florida and Georgia, ''T. dichotomum'' has been found in burned upland pinewoods; longleaf pine forests; annually burned pine savannas; loamy sand of woodlands; loamy sand of open pine-hickory woods; floodplain forests; sandy loam along bluffs; amidst cypress knees on the shores of lakes and ponds; sandy ridges; burned pond pine shrub bog flatwoods; longleaf pine-turkey oak sand ridges; and at the edges of an open limestone glade. <ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, R. Komarek, R. A. Norris, Andre F. Clewell, K. Craddock Burks, David Dixon, O. Lakela, R. Kral, James P. Gillespie, R. L. Lazor, A. H. Curtiss, Roy Jervis, John B. Nelson, R. E. Perdue, Jr., Richard S. Mitchell, Bian Tan, Nancy E. Jordan, Ann F. Johnson, Wilson Baker, Cecil R Slaughter, Marc Minno. States and Counties: Florida: Baker, Calhoun, Citrus, Columbia, Duval, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Wakulla, Walton. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> It has been recorded in disturbed habitats such as roadsides; deciduous flatwoods clearings; and a mowed meadow. Associated species include ''Vaccinium stamineum, Trichostema setaceum, Scoparia, Panicum, Andropogon gerardii, Angelica dentata'', and ''Helianthus radula.'' <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | + | In the Coastal Plain in Florida and Georgia, ''T. dichotomum'' has been found in burned upland pinewoods; longleaf pine forests; annually burned pine savannas; loamy sand of woodlands; loamy sand of open pine-hickory woods; floodplain forests; sandy loam along bluffs; amidst cypress knees on the shores of lakes and ponds; sandy ridges; burned pond pine shrub bog flatwoods; longleaf pine-turkey oak sand ridges; and at the edges of an open limestone glade.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, R. Komarek, R. A. Norris, Andre F. Clewell, K. Craddock Burks, David Dixon, O. Lakela, R. Kral, James P. Gillespie, R. L. Lazor, A. H. Curtiss, Roy Jervis, John B. Nelson, R. E. Perdue, Jr., Richard S. Mitchell, Bian Tan, Nancy E. Jordan, Ann F. Johnson, Wilson Baker, Cecil R Slaughter, Marc Minno. States and Counties: Florida: Baker, Calhoun, Citrus, Columbia, Duval, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Wakulla, Walton. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> It has been recorded in disturbed habitats such as roadsides; deciduous flatwoods clearings; and a mowed meadow. Associated species include ''Vaccinium stamineum, Trichostema setaceum, Scoparia, Panicum, Andropogon gerardii, Angelica dentata'', and ''Helianthus radula.''<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> |
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | ''T. dichotomum'' has been observed flowering in July, September, and October, and fruiting September through December. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 14 DEC 2016</ref> | + | ''T. dichotomum'' has been observed flowering in July, September, and October, and fruiting September through December.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 14 DEC 2016</ref> |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| Line 40: | Line 40: | ||
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| − | Habitats associated with high light levels and large diurnal temperature fluctuations near tortoise mounds are probably favorable for the establishment of ''T. dichotomum''. <ref name=baz> Bazzaz, F. A. 1979. The physiological ecology of plant succession. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 10:351- 371. </ref> | + | Habitats associated with high light levels and large diurnal temperature fluctuations near tortoise mounds are probably favorable for the establishment of ''T. dichotomum''.<ref name=baz> Bazzaz, F. A. 1979. The physiological ecology of plant succession. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 10:351- 371.</ref> |
<!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | <!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
| − | The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Trichostema dichotomum'' at Archbold Biological Station: <ref name="Deyrup 2015">Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> | + | The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Trichostema dichotomum'' at Archbold Biological Station:<ref name="Deyrup 2015">Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> |
Halictidae: ''Lasioglossum placidensis'' | Halictidae: ''Lasioglossum placidensis'' | ||
===Use by animals=== <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ===Use by animals=== <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ||
| − | It was found to be one of the most common spring recruits near recently abandoned tortoise mounds. <ref name=kac> Kaczor, S. A. and D. C. Hartnett (1990). "Gopher tortoise (gopherus polyphemus) effects on soils and vegetation in a Florida sandhill." American Midland Naturalist 123: 100-111. </ref> Bee species, ''Caupolicana electa'' and ''Dialictus placidensis'', have been observed on ''T. dichotomum''. <ref name=dey12> Deyrup, M. and L. Deyrup (2012). "The diversity of insects visiting flowers of saw palmetto (Arecaceae)." Florida Entomologist 95(3): 711-730. </ref> | + | It was found to be one of the most common spring recruits near recently abandoned tortoise mounds.<ref name=kac> Kaczor, S. A. and D. C. Hartnett (1990). "Gopher tortoise (gopherus polyphemus) effects on soils and vegetation in a Florida sandhill." American Midland Naturalist 123: 100-111.</ref> Bee species, ''Caupolicana electa'' and ''Dialictus placidensis'', have been observed on ''T. dichotomum''.<ref name=dey12> Deyrup, M. and L. Deyrup (2012). "The diversity of insects visiting flowers of saw palmetto (Arecaceae)." Florida Entomologist 95(3): 711-730.</ref> |
<!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
==Conservation and management== | ==Conservation and management== | ||
Revision as of 17:19, 25 May 2021
| Trichostema dichotomum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Lamiaceae ⁄ Labiatae |
| Genus: | Trichostema |
| Species: | T. dichotomum |
| Binomial name | |
| Trichostema dichotomum L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Trichostema dichotomum from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Forked bluecurls, Common blue curls
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Trichostema dichotomum var. puberulum Fernald & Griscom.[1]
Description
"Pubescent annual or weak perennial herbs from tap roots, freely branched with opposite branches. Stems obscurely angled, usually stipitate-glandular, leafy. Leaves entire or toothed, rarely lobed, petiolate to essentially sessile. Inflorescence a panicle of paired, bracteate, helicoid cymes with a flower at the axis of each pair; bracts similar to the leaves, smaller. Calyx bilabiate, lower lip longer than the upper with 3 essentially equal teeth, upper with 2 similar teeth; corolla blue to violet, zygomorphic, 5-lobed, lowest lobe lip-like, 5-10 mm long, lateral triangular-ovate, 2-4 mm long, tube short. Stamens 4, ca. 2X as long as the corolla, curved between the lateral lobes and curled downward almost meeting the lip; stigma bilobed, style curled in same fashion as stamens. Mericarps brownish to olive or blackish, dull, obovoid."[2]
"At least the principal stems spreading pubescent, the trichomes 0.2-1 mm long, usually bearded at the nodes. Leaves elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, 2-7 cm long, 0.4-2.3 cm wide, entire, crenate, or rarely loved, base tapered to cuneate or attenuate; petioles 0-1.5 cm long. Mericarps distinctly reticulate, 1.9-2.3 mm long."[2]
Distribution
Ecology
Habitat
In the Coastal Plain in Florida and Georgia, T. dichotomum has been found in burned upland pinewoods; longleaf pine forests; annually burned pine savannas; loamy sand of woodlands; loamy sand of open pine-hickory woods; floodplain forests; sandy loam along bluffs; amidst cypress knees on the shores of lakes and ponds; sandy ridges; burned pond pine shrub bog flatwoods; longleaf pine-turkey oak sand ridges; and at the edges of an open limestone glade.[3] It has been recorded in disturbed habitats such as roadsides; deciduous flatwoods clearings; and a mowed meadow. Associated species include Vaccinium stamineum, Trichostema setaceum, Scoparia, Panicum, Andropogon gerardii, Angelica dentata, and Helianthus radula.[3]
Phenology
T. dichotomum has been observed flowering in July, September, and October, and fruiting September through December.[3][4]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.[5]
Seed bank and germination
Habitats associated with high light levels and large diurnal temperature fluctuations near tortoise mounds are probably favorable for the establishment of T. dichotomum.[6]
Pollination
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of Trichostema dichotomum at Archbold Biological Station:[7]
Halictidae: Lasioglossum placidensis
Use by animals
It was found to be one of the most common spring recruits near recently abandoned tortoise mounds.[8] Bee species, Caupolicana electa and Dialictus placidensis, have been observed on T. dichotomum.[9]
Conservation and management
Cultivation and restoration
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ Weakley, A.S. 2015. Flora of the southern and mid-atlantic states. Working Draf of 21 May 2015. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 897. Print.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, R. Komarek, R. A. Norris, Andre F. Clewell, K. Craddock Burks, David Dixon, O. Lakela, R. Kral, James P. Gillespie, R. L. Lazor, A. H. Curtiss, Roy Jervis, John B. Nelson, R. E. Perdue, Jr., Richard S. Mitchell, Bian Tan, Nancy E. Jordan, Ann F. Johnson, Wilson Baker, Cecil R Slaughter, Marc Minno. States and Counties: Florida: Baker, Calhoun, Citrus, Columbia, Duval, Franklin, Gadsden, Gulf, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Okaloosa, Wakulla, Walton. Georgia: Grady, Thomas. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 14 DEC 2016
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Bazzaz, F. A. 1979. The physiological ecology of plant succession. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 10:351- 371.
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ Kaczor, S. A. and D. C. Hartnett (1990). "Gopher tortoise (gopherus polyphemus) effects on soils and vegetation in a Florida sandhill." American Midland Naturalist 123: 100-111.
- ↑ Deyrup, M. and L. Deyrup (2012). "The diversity of insects visiting flowers of saw palmetto (Arecaceae)." Florida Entomologist 95(3): 711-730.
