Difference between revisions of "Clitoria mariana"

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==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat===
 
===Habitat===
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''C. mariana'' is listed as a facultative upland species, and mostly occurs in non-wetland areas, but can occur in wetlands occasionally.<ref name= "USDA"/> It occurs in frequently burned longleaf pine-turkey oak sandhills,<ref name="fsu"/> sand pine scrub (Entisols), <ref name=Greenberg> Greenberg, C. H. (2003). "Vegetation recovery and stand structure following a prescribed stand-replacement burn in sand pine scrub." Natural Areas Journal 23: 141-151. </ref> flatwoods (Spodosols) <ref name=bc03> Brewer, J. S. and S. P. Cralle (2003). "Phosphorus addition reduces invasion of a longleaf pine savanna (southeastern USA) by a non-indigenous grass (''Imperata cylindrica'')." Plant Ecology 167: 237-245. </ref> upland longleaf pine-wiregrass communities (Ultisols), and in the margins of mixed hardwood communities<ref name="fsu"/> and loblolly pine plantations. <ref name=cushwa> Cushwa, C. T. (1966). The response of herbaceous vegetation to prescribed burning. Asheville, USDA Forest Service. </ref> It ranges from dry <ref name=wp> Walker, J. and R. K. Peet (1983). "Composition and species diversity of pine-wiregrass savannas of the Green Swamp, North Carolina." Vegetation 55: 163-179. </ref> to moist sandy areas.<ref name="fsu"/> It can live in partially shaded areas (54% ambient light conditions). <ref name=Cathey> Cathey, S. E., L. R. Boring, et al. (2010). "Assessment of N2 fixation capability of native legumes from the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem." Environmental and Experimental Botany 67: 444-450. </ref> It can be found in longleaf pine flatwoods communities. <ref name=bc03/> It is also found in loblolly pine communities. <ref name=cushwa/> It can also be found in sand pine scrub. <ref name=Greenberg/> It thrives in frequently burned areas, and typically occurs in high light environments, but also tolerates partial shade.<ref name="fsu"/> Although it occasionally occurs in frequently burned old-field communities, it is more typical of native pine communities which have minimal soil disturbance.<ref name="fsu"/> ''C. mariana'' is also a characteristic species of the shortleaf pine-oak-hickory community type.<ref name= "Clewell">Clewell, A. F. (2013). "Prior prevalence of shortleaf pine-oak-hickory woodlands in the Tallahassee red hills." Castanea 78(4): 266-276.</ref>
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''C. mariana'' is listed as a facultative upland species, and mostly occurs in non-wetland areas, but can occur in wetlands occasionally.<ref name= "USDA"/> It occurs in frequently burned longleaf pine-turkey oak sandhills,<ref name="fsu"/> sand pine scrub (Entisols), <ref name=Greenberg> Greenberg, C. H. (2003). "Vegetation recovery and stand structure following a prescribed stand-replacement burn in sand pine scrub." Natural Areas Journal 23: 141-151. </ref> flatwoods (Spodosols) <ref name=bc03> Brewer, J. S. and S. P. Cralle (2003). "Phosphorus addition reduces invasion of a longleaf pine savanna (southeastern USA) by a non-indigenous grass (''Imperata cylindrica'')." Plant Ecology 167: 237-245. </ref> upland longleaf pine-wiregrass communities (Ultisols), and in the margins of mixed hardwood communities<ref name="fsu"/> and loblolly pine plantations. <ref name=cushwa> Cushwa, C. T. (1966). The response of herbaceous vegetation to prescribed burning. Asheville, USDA Forest Service. </ref> It ranges from dry <ref name=wp> Walker, J. and R. K. Peet (1983). "Composition and species diversity of pine-wiregrass savannas of the Green Swamp, North Carolina." Vegetation 55: 163-179. </ref> to moist sandy areas.<ref name="fsu"/> It can live in partially shaded areas (54% ambient light conditions). <ref name=Cathey> Cathey, S. E., L. R. Boring, et al. (2010). "Assessment of N2 fixation capability of native legumes from the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem." Environmental and Experimental Botany 67: 444-450. </ref> It can be found in longleaf pine flatwoods communities. <ref name=bc03/> It is also found in loblolly pine communities. <ref name=cushwa/> It can also be found in sand pine scrub. <ref name=Greenberg/> It thrives in frequently burned areas, and typically occurs in high light environments, but also tolerates partial shade.<ref name="fsu"/> Although it occasionally occurs in frequently burned old-field communities, it is more typical of native pine communities which have minimal soil disturbance.<ref name="fsu"/> ''C. mariana'' is also a characteristic species of the shortleaf pine-oak-hickory community type.<ref name= "Clewell">Clewell, A. F. (2013). "Prior prevalence of shortleaf pine-oak-hickory woodlands in the Tallahassee red hills." Castanea 78(4): 266-276.</ref> It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1882). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref>
  
 
Associated species include ''Desmodium nudiflorum, D. ochroleucum, Quercus laevis, Q. stellata, Pinus palustris, P. echinata, Centrosema virginianum, Carya tomentosa'', with other weeds, vines and trees in roadside ditches.<ref name="fsu"/>
 
Associated species include ''Desmodium nudiflorum, D. ochroleucum, Quercus laevis, Q. stellata, Pinus palustris, P. echinata, Centrosema virginianum, Carya tomentosa'', with other weeds, vines and trees in roadside ditches.<ref name="fsu"/>

Revision as of 15:02, 19 July 2019

Clitoria mariana
Clitoria mariana Gil.jpg
photo by Gil Nelson
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae ⁄ Leguminosae
Genus: Clitoria
Species: C. mariana
Binomial name
Clitoria mariana
L.
CLIT MARI dist.jpg
Natural range of Clitoria mariana from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common names: Atlantic Pigeonwings; Butterfly Pea

Taxonomic notes

Synonym: Martiusia mariana (L.) Small ITIS-Integrated Taxonomic Information System.gov

Varieties: Clitoria mariana Linnaeus var. mariana; Clitoria mariana Linnaeus var. pubescentia Fantz; Clitoria mariana Linnaeus var. orientalis Fantz

Description

It has a vining habit, where some are large vines whereas other are small erect plants[1]. It is paraheliotropic.[2]

Clitoria mariana is a trailing, twining, perennial, herbaceous vine growing up to 0.5-1 m long with glabrous to short-pubescent stems. The leaves are pinnately 3-foliolate. The leaflets are entire, mostly ovate to lanceolate or ovate-oblong to somewhat elliptic, growing 2-7 cm long; glabrous above and glabrous or occasionally short-pubescent beneath, stipellate; stipules ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, ca. 2-4 mm long, tardily deciduous, striate. The racemes are axillary, peduncles growing 0.5-4(6) cm long, usually shorter than subtending leaves, are 1-3 flowered; pedicels are usually glabrous or rarely short-pubescent, (2) 4-10 mm long, each subtended by a triangular to lanceolate, striate bract growing 1-3 mm long and with a pair of linear bractlets growing3-6 mm long at or near the summits. The calyx is usually glabrous or rarely short-pubescent, somewhere bilabiate. The tube is cylindric, growing 1-14 cm long, upper lobes are widely triangular, acute, growing 4-6 mm long, lateral lobes ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, grwoing 5-7 mm long, lowermost lobe lanceolate, acuminate, growing 6-8 mm long. The petals are pale blue or lavender in color, the standard are spurless, growing 4-6 cm long, and 3-4 cm wide. The wing petals are smaller and attahced to the strongly incurved keel petals. The stamens are monadelphous. The legumes are flattened, oblong-linear, growing 3-6 cm long; stipe elongate, growing 1-2 cm long, valves longitudinally twisting upon dehiscence. The seeds are sticky and adherent.[3]

This species can be commonly confused with Spurred Butterfly Pea (Centrosema virginianum), but the main difference between them is the upside down flowers and the banner pointing downward for Centrosema while Clitoria is erect.[4]

Distribution

C. mariana is native to a wide range of the United States, from New York south to Florida, northwest to Minnesota and Nebraska, and west to Arizona and New Mexico.[5] It is also native to South America. While C. mariana var. mariana is found in most of this distribution, C. mariana var. pubescentia is endemic to the central and southern peninsular Florida, and C. mariana var. orientalis is endemic to southeast Asia.[6]

Ecology

Habitat

C. mariana is listed as a facultative upland species, and mostly occurs in non-wetland areas, but can occur in wetlands occasionally.[5] It occurs in frequently burned longleaf pine-turkey oak sandhills,[1] sand pine scrub (Entisols), [7] flatwoods (Spodosols) [8] upland longleaf pine-wiregrass communities (Ultisols), and in the margins of mixed hardwood communities[1] and loblolly pine plantations. [9] It ranges from dry [10] to moist sandy areas.[1] It can live in partially shaded areas (54% ambient light conditions). [11] It can be found in longleaf pine flatwoods communities. [8] It is also found in loblolly pine communities. [9] It can also be found in sand pine scrub. [7] It thrives in frequently burned areas, and typically occurs in high light environments, but also tolerates partial shade.[1] Although it occasionally occurs in frequently burned old-field communities, it is more typical of native pine communities which have minimal soil disturbance.[1] C. mariana is also a characteristic species of the shortleaf pine-oak-hickory community type.[12] It does not respond to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in North Florida flatwoods forests.[13]

Associated species include Desmodium nudiflorum, D. ochroleucum, Quercus laevis, Q. stellata, Pinus palustris, P. echinata, Centrosema virginianum, Carya tomentosa, with other weeds, vines and trees in roadside ditches.[1]

Phenology

C. mariana has been observed flowering from May to September with peak inflorescence in July and fruits from September to October.[1][14] It is known to phenologically respond positively to disturbance, with increasing number of flowers produced after tornado damage in one study.[15]

Seed dispersal

This species is thought to be dispersed by translocation on animal fur or feathers.[16][17]

Fire ecology

Because it was found in Henley Park plots which were burned every one to two years in the winter, it is fire-tolerant. [8] It resprouts quickly after fire, which can be supported by the fact that it resprouted within a month after fire in Pavon's study. [18] It attained its peak in two-year rough plots at one study in Henley Park and another near Bainbridge GA, which are plots that had undergone two growing seasons since the last burn.[8][19] This is supported by Greenberg's study, which shows the peak percent cover to be 16 months after fire around 80% [7] As well, one study found C. mariana to establish at sites after a burn that was rare or absent before the fire.[20] In Kush's study, this species along with milk-pea became the dominant species proceeding plots that were burned in the winter.[21]

Use by animals

It is a game-food plant,[9] so it is probably consumed by Gopherus polyphemus (Gopher tortoise) white-tailed deer, and bobwhite quail. [22] It consists between 5-10% of the diet of large mammals, and 2-5% of the diet for terrestrial birds.[23] C. mariana is especially important to northern bobwhite quail during the summer months.[24]

Conservation and management

C. mariana is listed as endangered by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy as well as the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources.[5]

Cultivation and restoration

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, R.K. Godfrey, William Reese, Paul Redfearn, Robert L. Lazor, R. Kral, C. Jackson, O. Lakela, Paul R. Fantz, James R. Burkhalter, Andre F. Clewell, Travis MacClendon, Karen MacClendon, R. A. Norris, Rodie White, Kevin Oakes, Delzie Demaree, John W. Thieret, Alex Lasseigne, L. J. Uttal, D. S. Correll, H. B. Correll, Norlan C. Henderson, James D. Ray, Jr., Charles S. Wallis, Bayard Long, F. S. Earle, C. F. Baker, R. L. Wilbur, Mary E. Wharton, Raymond Athey, W.C. Coker, A. B. Seymour, A. E. Radford, and Rachel Williamson. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Collier, Escambia, Flagler, Franklin, Gadsden, Hernando, Jackson, Jefferson, Lafayette, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Taylor, Wakulla, and Walton. Georgia: Coffee, Grady, McIntosh, Pike, and Thomas. Alabama: Lee. North Carolina: Pamlico, Wake, and Wilson. Arkansas: Conway, Garland, Pulaski, and Saline. Missouri: Carter, Douglas, McDonald. Louisiana: Caddo, and Jackson. Virginia: Alleghany, Montgomery, and Sussex. Texas: Callahan, Morris, Upshur, and Van Zandt. Mississippi: Tishomingo. Oklahoma: Latimer. New Jersey: Cape May. Kentucky: Livingston, and Nelson. South Carolina: Darlington.
  2. ↑ KMR observation in July on Pebble Hill Plantation, Georgia.
  3. ↑ Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 636. Print.
  4. ↑ [[1]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: April 8, 2019
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 8 April 2019). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
  6. ↑ Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Greenberg, C. H. (2003). "Vegetation recovery and stand structure following a prescribed stand-replacement burn in sand pine scrub." Natural Areas Journal 23: 141-151.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Brewer, J. S. and S. P. Cralle (2003). "Phosphorus addition reduces invasion of a longleaf pine savanna (southeastern USA) by a non-indigenous grass (Imperata cylindrica)." Plant Ecology 167: 237-245.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Cushwa, C. T. (1966). The response of herbaceous vegetation to prescribed burning. Asheville, USDA Forest Service.
  10. ↑ Walker, J. and R. K. Peet (1983). "Composition and species diversity of pine-wiregrass savannas of the Green Swamp, North Carolina." Vegetation 55: 163-179.
  11. ↑ Cathey, S. E., L. R. Boring, et al. (2010). "Assessment of N2 fixation capability of native legumes from the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem." Environmental and Experimental Botany 67: 444-450.
  12. ↑ Clewell, A. F. (2013). "Prior prevalence of shortleaf pine-oak-hickory woodlands in the Tallahassee red hills." Castanea 78(4): 266-276.
  13. ↑ Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1882). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.
  14. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 7 DEC 2016
  15. ↑ Brewer, S. J., et al. (2012). "Do natural disturbances or the forestry practices that follow them convert forests to early-successional communities?" Ecological Applications 22: 442-458.
  16. ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
  17. ↑ Creech, M. N., et al. (2012). "Alteration and Recovery of Slash Pile Burn Sites in the Restoration of a Fire-Maintained Ecosystem." Restoration Ecology 20(4): 505-516.
  18. ↑ Pavon, M. L. (1995). Diversity and response of ground cover arthropod communities to different seasonal burns in longleaf pine forests. Tallahassee, Florida A&M University.
  19. ↑ Buckner, J. L. and J. L. Landers (1979). "Fire and disking effects on herbaceous food plants and seed supplies." Journal of Wildlife Management 43: 807-811.
  20. ↑ Hutchinson, T. (2005). Fire and teh herbaceous layer of eastern oak forests. F. S. United States Department of Agriculture, Northern Research Station: 136-149.
  21. ↑ Kush, J. S., et al. (2000). Understory plant community response to season of burn in natural longleaf pine forests. Proceedings 21st Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference. Fire and forest ecology: innovative silviculture & vegetation management, Tallahassee, FL, Tall Timbers Research, Inc.
  22. ↑ Hainds, M. J., R. J. Mitchell, et al. (1999). "Distribution of native legumes (Leguminoseae) in frequently burned longleaf pine (Pinaceae)-wiregrass (Poaceae) ecosystems." American Journal of Botany 86: 1606-1614.
  23. ↑ Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.
  24. ↑ Jones, J. D. J. and M. J. Chamberlain (2004). "Efficacy of herbicides and fire to improve vegetative conditions for northern bobwhites in mature pine forests." Wildlife Society Bulletin 32: 1077-1084.
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