Difference between revisions of "Erechtites hieracifolia"

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==Conservation and management==
 
==Conservation and management==
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For management, this species is resistant to the herbicide imazapyr.<ref name= "Iglay">Iglay, R. B., et al. (2010). "Effect of plant community composition on plant response to fire and herbicide treatments." Forest Ecology and Management 260: 543-548.</ref>
  
 
==Cultivation and restoration==
 
==Cultivation and restoration==

Revision as of 14:10, 8 May 2019

Erechtites hieracifolia
Erec hier-3.jpg
Photo by John R. Gwaltney, Southeastern Flora.com
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae ⁄ Compositae
Genus: Erechtites
Species: E. hieracifolia
Binomial name
Erechtites hieracifolia
(L.) Raf. ex DC.
Erec hier dist.jpg
Natural range of Erechtites hieracifolia from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common name: American burnweed; fireweed

Taxonomic notes

Synonym: Erechtites hieracifolia var. hieracifoliaThe Plant List.org; E. hieracifolia var. intermedia Fernald; E. hieracifolia var. praealta (Rafinesque) Fernald; E. hieracifolia; Senecio hieraciifolius Linnaeus

Description

"Robust annual with erect, glabrous or slightly pubescent, solid stems, 0.4-3 m or more tall. Leaves alternate, elliptic to lanceolate, 5-20 cm long, 0.5-6.5 cm wide, acute to acuminate, irregularly serrate to dentate, unlobed or lobed, base cuneate to attenuate or upper stem leaves auriculate. Heads in panicles. Involucres cylindric, 10-20 mm long, 4-8 mm broad; bracts in 1 series or with a few small bracts at base. Disc 3-10 mm broad. Flowers discoid, lobes cream to pinkish, erect, 0.3-0.5 mm long. Nutlets brown, tapered from base to apex, 1.9-2.7 mm long, 0.4-0.7 mm broad, 10-ribbed, pubescent; pappus white, capillary, 10-14 mm long." [1]

Distribution

This species can be found from Canada southward, from Newfoundland west to Saskatchewan provinces south to southern Florida and eastern Texas. It is also native south of the United States including the West Indies and Tropical America.[2] It has also been introduced to Hawaii.[3]

Ecology

Habitat

Can be found in almost all habitats in disturbed soil besides extremely xeric soils. It is present in most areas of modern beat-up landscapes (even if just seedlings) and appears at the smallest disturbance. With this, it is most prevalent in areas that are heavily disturbed or scarified by timber-harvest, bulldozing, and severe fire disturbance.[2] Habitats that E. hieracifolia has been observed in include edge of drying mudhole, margin of pine flatwoods, hydric hammock, areas disturbed by feral hogs, spoil flats, swamps, sandhills, sandy fields and various clearings, boggy margins, a riparian mixed hardwood community, other woodlands, and a run off area. Soils observed include drying loamy sand, moist sand and other sandy soils, and sandy peat.[4]

Associated species include Pluchea sp., Kostelezkya sp., Liatris sp., Panicum sp., Leptoloma cognatum, Ambrosia sp., Conyza canadensis, Mikania scandens, Lygodium japonicum, and other grasses.[4]

Phenology

Generally, this species flowers from late July until November.[2] E. hieracifolia has been obseved flowering in all months besides February and May, and has been observed fruiting in March, April, and June through October.[5][4]

Seed dispersal

This species is thought to be dispersed by wind. [6]

Seed bank and germination

E. hieracifolia was found in the seed banks of bays dominated by herbaceous and shrub plants in western South Carolina.[7] Another study found this species to germinate from the seed bank of a restoration site in southwest Georgia even when the species was not part of the herbaceous vegetation.[8] Seeds were also one of the highest importance values in a Virginia pocosin for early succession.[9] As well, this species has a positive germination response to fire disturbance.[10]

Fire ecology

It has been observed in areas that are frequently burned and annually burned.[4] One study in New Hampshire found this species to germinate in response to fire.[10] Cool burns as well as litter removal have been shown to improve germination success, which could mean that removing litter is a process that favors colonization.[11] E. hieracifolia has been seen to immediately increase in response to fire since it is opportunistic, but decrease in abundance in the years following a fire disturbance to its original abundance before fire was introduced.[12][13]

Pollination

The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of Erechtites hieracifolia at Archbold Biological Station. [14]

Halictidae: Halictus poeyi

Leucospididae: Leucospis affinis

Megachilidae: Dianthidium floridiense

Vespidae: Leptochilus republicanus, Parancistrocerus bicornis, P. salcularis rufulus, Polistes dorsalis hunteri

Other species in the Hymenoptera order observed to pollinate E. hieracifolia include Anthidiellum perplexum and Megachile albitarsis.[15]

Use by animals

It consists of approximately 2-5% of the diet for various terrestrial birds.[16]

Conservation and management

For management, this species is resistant to the herbicide imazapyr.[17]

Cultivation and restoration

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 1037. Print.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium.
  3. ↑ USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 8 May 2019). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: May 2019. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Kurt E. Blum, D. E. Breedlove, Jane Brockmann, K. Craddock Burks, A. F. Clewell, J. Dwyer, J. Ferborgh, R. K. Godfrey, Ann F. Johnson, Brian R. Keener, R. Komarek, Robert J. Lemaire, Horace Loftin, Marc Minno, - Mitchell, R. S. Mitchell, R. A. Norris, Gwynn W. Ramsey, Paul L. Redfearn, Jr., Grady W. Reinert, Annie Schmidt, Cecil R. Slaughter, H. Larry Stripling, - Thompson, Alush Shilom Ton, and Edwin L. Tyson. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Calhoun, Dade, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Hernando, Hillsborough, Indian River, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Madison, Nassau, Okaloosa, Polk, Sarasota, St Johns, Taylor, Volusia, Wakulla, and Washington. Georgia: Grady and Thomas. Alabama: Baldwin.
  5. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 8 DEC 2016
  6. ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
  7. ↑ Navarra, J. J. and P. F. Quintana-Ascencio 2012. Spatial pattern and composition of the Florida scrub seed bank and vegetation along an anthropegenic disturbance gradient. Applied Vegetation Science 15:349-358.
  8. ↑ Andreu, M. G., et al. (2009). "Can managers bank on seed banks when restoring Pinus taeda L. plantations in Southwest Georgia?" Restoration Ecology 17: 586-596.
  9. ↑ Bolin, J. F. (2007). "Seed bank response to wet heat and the vegetation structure of a Virginia pocosin." Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 134: 80-88.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Chapman, R. R. and G. E. Crow (1981). "Application of Raunkiaer's life form system to plant species survival after fire." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 108(4): 472-478.
  11. ↑ Glasgow, L. S. and G. R. Matlack (2007). "Prescribed burning and understory composition in a temperate deciduous forest, Ohio, USA." Forest Ecology and Management 238: 54-64.
  12. ↑ Hartman, G. W. and B. Heumann (2003). Prescribed fire effects in the Ozarks of Missouri: the Chilton Creek Project 1996-2001. Second International Wildland Fire Ecology and Fire Management Congress and Fifth Symposium on Fire and Forest Meteorology, Orlando, FL, American Meteorological Society.
  13. ↑ Hutchinson, T. F., et al. (2005). "Prescribed fire effects on the herbaceous layer of mixed-oak forests." Can. J. For. Res 35: 877-890.
  14. ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
  15. ↑ Deyrup, M. J. E., and Beth Norden (2002). "The diversity and floral hosts of bees at the Archbold Biological Station, Florida (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." Insecta mundi 16(1-3).
  16. ↑ Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.
  17. ↑ Iglay, R. B., et al. (2010). "Effect of plant community composition on plant response to fire and herbicide treatments." Forest Ecology and Management 260: 543-548.
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