Difference between revisions of "Viola lanceolata"
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==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | ''Viola lanceolata'' is a dioecious perennial forb/herb.<ref name="USDA"/> It is stemless and produces white flowers. Leaves are narrow, lanceolate, glabrous and held erect. ''V. lanceolata'' also produces long slender stolons, allowing established plants to vegetatively spread. The number of flowers produced are exponentially correlated with the number of leaves the plant has. In Massachusetts, seed capsules contained 44.1 seeds on average; these ranged from 16-68 seeds.<ref name="Solbrig et al 1988"/> | + | ''Viola lanceolata'' is a dioecious perennial forb/herb.<ref name="USDA"/> It is stemless and produces white flowers. Leaves are narrow, lanceolate, glabrous and held erect. ''V. lanceolata'' also produces long slender stolons, allowing established plants to vegetatively spread. The number of flowers produced are exponentially correlated with the number of leaves the plant has. In Massachusetts, seed capsules contained 44.1 seeds on average; these ranged from 16-68 seeds.<ref name="Solbrig et al 1988"/> This species also hybridizes with other species of ''Viola'' including ''V. macloskeyi'' ssp. ''pallens''.<ref name="Russell 1954">Russell NH (1954) Three field studies of hybridization in the stemless white violets. American Journal of Botany 41(8):679-686.</ref> |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
Revision as of 09:20, 7 February 2018
| Viola lanceolata | |
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| Photo by John Hilty hosted at IllinoisWildflowers.info | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicots |
| Order: | Violales |
| Family: | Violaceae |
| Genus: | Viola |
| Species: | V. lanceolata |
| Binomial name | |
| Viola lanceolata L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Viola lanceolata from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common Names: lanceleaf violet; narrow-leaved violet; strap-leaved violet;[1] bog white violet[2]
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Varieties: V. lanceolata var. lanceolata; V. lanceolata var. vittata[1]
Subspecies: V. lanceolata ssp. lanceolata; V. lanceolata ssp. vittata; V. lanceolata ssp. occidentalis[2]
Description
Viola lanceolata is a dioecious perennial forb/herb.[2] It is stemless and produces white flowers. Leaves are narrow, lanceolate, glabrous and held erect. V. lanceolata also produces long slender stolons, allowing established plants to vegetatively spread. The number of flowers produced are exponentially correlated with the number of leaves the plant has. In Massachusetts, seed capsules contained 44.1 seeds on average; these ranged from 16-68 seeds.[3] This species also hybridizes with other species of Viola including V. macloskeyi ssp. pallens.[4]
Distribution
This species occurs from New Brunswick, westward to Minnesota, and southward to Florida and eastern Texas.[1] There have also been reports along the Pacific coast in British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California.[2]
Ecology
Habitat
V. lanceolata is found in boggs, seepage slopes, pitcher plant seepage bogs, streamheads and their margins, small swamp forests, depression ponds, interdune swales and ponds, and other wet habitats.[1] This species also prefers more shady habitats than V. fimbriatula and was not observed in open areas in a Massachusetts study.[3]
Phenology
In the southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, flowering occurs from February through May.[1] On the Florida panhandle, flowering has been observed from November through May, peaking in March and April.[5] Its characteristic chasmogamous flowers are produced from June to September and die with the first frost in Massachusetts. This species will overwinter as stolons or short underground stems until a new growth period is triggered by warming temperatures. Growth occurs from April to late August or September, peaking in late August.[3]
Seed bank and germination
At an Ontario lake, the frequency of V. lanceolata was 97 at 0.2-0.8 m below the maximum water level and 100 and 13 at 0.8-1.3 m and 1.3-1.5 m, respectively. The mean number of collected seeds that germinated from this lake was 17.4 seeds dm-2.[6] In Massachusetts, seed densities ranged between 1,415-6,723 seeds m-2, peaking in the summer after seed dispersal and being lowest in the spring after seed germination. Ants will transport seed to their nests which may explain the observed clumped distribution of seeds. Between 1977 and 1979, 0-40 seedlings m-2 emerged in permanent Massachusetts study quadrats[3]
Pollination
It produces chasmogamous flowers,[3] that when open, allow easy access to pollen by biotic and abiotic pollinators.
Use by animals
Survivorship in Massachusetts seedlings have been reported at 0.60 and 0.82 where mortality was caused by wilting (74%), herbivory (10%), and unknown causes (16%). Slugs, field mice, and deer may contribute to the loss of leaves.[3]
Diseases and parasites
Leaves can be attacked by fungi.[3]
Conservation and Management
Cultivation and restoration
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Weakley AS (2015) Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Herbarium.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 USDA NRCS (2016) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 05 February 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Solbrig OT, Curtis WF, Kincaid DT, Newell SJ (1988) Studies on the population biology of the genus Viola. VI. The demography of V. Fimbriatula and V. Lanceolata. Journal of Ecology 76(2):301-319.
- ↑ Russell NH (1954) Three field studies of hybridization in the stemless white violets. American Journal of Botany 41(8):679-686.
- ↑ Nelson G (05 February 2018) PanFlora. Retrieved from gilnelson.com/PanFlora/
- ↑ Keddy PA, Reznicek AA (1982) The role of seed banks in the persistence of Ontario's coastal plain flora. American Journal of Botany 69(1):13-22.
