Difference between revisions of "Oenothera fruticosa"
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Oenothera fruticosa'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov Plants Database]. | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Oenothera fruticosa'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov Plants Database]. | ||
}} | }} | ||
| + | Common Name(s): narrowleaf evening primrose,<ref name="USDA">USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 20 December 2017). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref><ref name="Ladybird">Plant database: ‘’Oenothera fruticosa’’. (20 December 2017).Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=OEFR</ref> southern sundrops, small-fruited sundrops, flatrock sundrops<ref name="Weakley 2015">Weakley A. S.(2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Herbarium.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Taxonomic Notes== | ==Taxonomic Notes== | ||
| − | ==Description== | + | Subspecies: ''O. fruticosa'' ssp. ''fruticosa''; ''O. fruticosa'' ssp. ''tetragona''<ref name="USDA"/><br> |
| − | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | + | Varieties: ''O. fruticosa'' var. ''fruticosa''; ''O. fruticosa'' var. ''O. fruticosa'' var. ''microcarpa''; ''O. fruticosa'' var. ''subglobosa''; ''O. fruticosa'' var. ''unguiculata''<ref name="Weakley 2015"/> |
| + | |||
| + | ==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| + | ''Oenothera fruticosa'' is a dioecious perennial forb/herb<ref name="USDA"/> that reaches 18-24 in (0.46-0.61 m) in height.<ref name="Ladybird"/> It can be found as a diffusely clustered system of unbranched stems containing lance shaped leaves of 2-3 in (5.1-7.6 cm) in length. During the winter months in its southern range, ''O. fruticosa'' appears as a reddish-purple basal rosette. This species requires sunlight and well-drained soils, but is also tolerant of brackish and lime soils.<ref name="Ladybird"/> | ||
| + | |||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | ''O. fruticosa'' can be found in from Maine south to Florida and westward to Michigan, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Louisiana.<ref name="USDA"/><ref name="Weakley 2015"/> It can also be found in parts of Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec provinces in Canada.<ref name="USDA"/> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | < | + | This species is found in dry forests and woodlands, glades, rock outcrops, boggy depressions, granite flatrocks and domes, sandhills, and moist to wet loamy savannas.<ref name="Weakley 2015"/> |
| − | < | + | |
| − | + | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | |
| + | ''O. fruticosa'' flowers from May through August,<ref name="Weakley 2015"/><ref name="PanFlora">Nelson G. (20 December 2017) PanFlora. Retrieved from gilnelson.com/PanFlora/</ref> peaking in April and May.<ref name="PanFlora"/> It produces four-petaled golden yellow flowers that average 2 in (5.1 cm) in diameter.<ref name="Ladybird"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| + | In Illinois farmed and unfarmed baldcypress swamps, seeds of ''O. fruticosa'' averaged densities of 99 and 166 seeds m<sup>-2</sup>, respectively.<ref name="Middleton 2003">Middleton B. A. (2003). Soil seed banks and the potential restoration of forested wetlands after farming. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:1025-1034.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| + | ''O. fruticosa'' requires at least 3 weeks of vernalization (cooling of seeds during germination) to reduce the time to flowering and produce a high percentage of flowering. Plant height would peak at 40-50 cm (15.7-19.7 in) after 9 weeks of vernalization and a 14 hour photoperiod. Increasing photoperiods from 10-16 hours also caused decreases in the time until flowering, the number of new nodes, number of flowers, and the number of lateral shoots. Temperatures from 15-30 °C (59-86 °F) were indirectly proportional to the number of flowers, flower diameter, and plant height.<ref name="Clough et al 2001">Clough E. A., Cameron A. C., Heins R. D., and Carlson W. H. (2001). Growth and development of ''Oenothera fruticosa'' is influenced by vernalization duration, photoperiod, forcing temperature, and plant growth regulators. Journal of the American Society of Horticulture Science 126(3):269-274.</ref> | ||
<!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | <!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | < | + | ===Pollination=== |
| + | It is known to attract birds, hummingbirds, and a large number of native bees.<ref name="Ladybird"/> Honeybees deposit, on average, 193-223 grains of pollen per visit to ''O. fruticosa''.<ref name="Silander & Primack 1978">Silander J. A. and Primack R. B. (1978). Pollination intensity and seed set in the evening primrose (''Oenothera fruticose''). The American Midland Naturalist 100(1):213-216.</ref><ref name="Primack & Silander 1975">Primack R. B. and Silander, Jr. J. A. (1975). Measuring the relative importance of different pollinators to plants. Nature 255(5504):143-144.</ref> Soldier beetles also pollinate ''O. fruticosa'', leaving 114 grains of pollen per visit.<ref name="Primack & Silander 1975"/> The number of seeds set is proportional to the number of pollen grains which asymptotes around 150 seeds set and 400 pollen grains.<ref name="Silander & Primack 1978"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Use by animals=== <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ||
| + | ''Oenothera fruticosa'' composes 2-5% of the diet of large mammals and 5-10% of the diet for terrestrial birds.<ref name="USDA"/> | ||
<!--==Diseases and parasites==--> | <!--==Diseases and parasites==--> | ||
Revision as of 08:15, 20 December 2017
| Oenothera fruticosa | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by John Gwaltney at Southeastern Flora.com | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicots |
| Order: | Myrtales |
| Family: | Onagraceae |
| Genus: | Oenothera |
| Species: | O. fruticosa |
| Binomial name | |
| Oenothera fruticosa L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Oenothera fruticosa from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common Name(s): narrowleaf evening primrose,[1][2] southern sundrops, small-fruited sundrops, flatrock sundrops[3]
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Subspecies: O. fruticosa ssp. fruticosa; O. fruticosa ssp. tetragona[1]
Varieties: O. fruticosa var. fruticosa; O. fruticosa var. O. fruticosa var. microcarpa; O. fruticosa var. subglobosa; O. fruticosa var. unguiculata[3]
Description
Oenothera fruticosa is a dioecious perennial forb/herb[1] that reaches 18-24 in (0.46-0.61 m) in height.[2] It can be found as a diffusely clustered system of unbranched stems containing lance shaped leaves of 2-3 in (5.1-7.6 cm) in length. During the winter months in its southern range, O. fruticosa appears as a reddish-purple basal rosette. This species requires sunlight and well-drained soils, but is also tolerant of brackish and lime soils.[2]
Distribution
O. fruticosa can be found in from Maine south to Florida and westward to Michigan, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Louisiana.[1][3] It can also be found in parts of Manitoba, Ontario, and Quebec provinces in Canada.[1]
Ecology
Habitat
This species is found in dry forests and woodlands, glades, rock outcrops, boggy depressions, granite flatrocks and domes, sandhills, and moist to wet loamy savannas.[3]
Phenology
O. fruticosa flowers from May through August,[3][4] peaking in April and May.[4] It produces four-petaled golden yellow flowers that average 2 in (5.1 cm) in diameter.[2]
Seed dispersal
In Illinois farmed and unfarmed baldcypress swamps, seeds of O. fruticosa averaged densities of 99 and 166 seeds m-2, respectively.[5]
Seed bank and germination
O. fruticosa requires at least 3 weeks of vernalization (cooling of seeds during germination) to reduce the time to flowering and produce a high percentage of flowering. Plant height would peak at 40-50 cm (15.7-19.7 in) after 9 weeks of vernalization and a 14 hour photoperiod. Increasing photoperiods from 10-16 hours also caused decreases in the time until flowering, the number of new nodes, number of flowers, and the number of lateral shoots. Temperatures from 15-30 °C (59-86 °F) were indirectly proportional to the number of flowers, flower diameter, and plant height.[6]
Pollination
It is known to attract birds, hummingbirds, and a large number of native bees.[2] Honeybees deposit, on average, 193-223 grains of pollen per visit to O. fruticosa.[7][8] Soldier beetles also pollinate O. fruticosa, leaving 114 grains of pollen per visit.[8] The number of seeds set is proportional to the number of pollen grains which asymptotes around 150 seeds set and 400 pollen grains.[7]
Use by animals
Oenothera fruticosa composes 2-5% of the diet of large mammals and 5-10% of the diet for terrestrial birds.[1]
Conservation and Management
Cultivation and restoration
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 20 December 2017). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Plant database: ‘’Oenothera fruticosa’’. (20 December 2017).Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=OEFR
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Weakley A. S.(2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Herbarium.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Nelson G. (20 December 2017) PanFlora. Retrieved from gilnelson.com/PanFlora/
- ↑ Middleton B. A. (2003). Soil seed banks and the potential restoration of forested wetlands after farming. Journal of Applied Ecology 40:1025-1034.
- ↑ Clough E. A., Cameron A. C., Heins R. D., and Carlson W. H. (2001). Growth and development of Oenothera fruticosa is influenced by vernalization duration, photoperiod, forcing temperature, and plant growth regulators. Journal of the American Society of Horticulture Science 126(3):269-274.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Silander J. A. and Primack R. B. (1978). Pollination intensity and seed set in the evening primrose (Oenothera fruticose). The American Midland Naturalist 100(1):213-216.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Primack R. B. and Silander, Jr. J. A. (1975). Measuring the relative importance of different pollinators to plants. Nature 255(5504):143-144.
