Difference between revisions of "Rubus cuneifolius"
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===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | Flowering occurs between March and June, peaking in April,<ref name="Weakley 2015"/><ref>Nelson G. (6 December 2017) PanFlora. Retrieved from gilnelson.com/PanFlora/</ref> with fruiting occurring from May through July.<ref name="Skeate 1987">Skeate S. T. (1987). Interactions between birds and fruits in a northern Florida hammock community. Ecology 68(2):297-309.</ref> The timing of flowering has been shown to be sensitive to ozone levels where elevated levels cause earlier flowering but produce fewer large ripe fruits.<ref name="Chappelka 2002"/> | + | Flowering occurs between March and June, peaking in April,<ref name="Weakley 2015"/><ref>Nelson G. (6 December 2017) PanFlora. Retrieved from gilnelson.com/PanFlora/</ref> with fruiting occurring from May through July.<ref name="Skeate 1987">Skeate S. T. (1987). Interactions between birds and fruits in a northern Florida hammock community. Ecology 68(2):297-309.</ref> ''R. cuneifolius'' produces a white conspicuous flower.<ref name="Ladybird"/> The timing of flowering has been shown to be sensitive to ozone levels where elevated levels cause earlier flowering but produce fewer large ripe fruits.<ref name="Chappelka 2002"/> |
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
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Seeds of ''R. cuneifolius'' were commonly observed in Georgia seed banks of longleaf pine - wiregrass - bracken fern forests maintained by annual spring burns since 1961.<ref>Buckner J. L. and Landers J. L. (1979). Fire and disking effects on herbaceous food plants and seed supplies. The Journal of Wildlife Management 43(3):807-811.</ref> | Seeds of ''R. cuneifolius'' were commonly observed in Georgia seed banks of longleaf pine - wiregrass - bracken fern forests maintained by annual spring burns since 1961.<ref>Buckner J. L. and Landers J. L. (1979). Fire and disking effects on herbaceous food plants and seed supplies. The Journal of Wildlife Management 43(3):807-811.</ref> | ||
<!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | <!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
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| + | ===Pollination=== | ||
| + | ''R. cuneifolius'' is recognized to attract a large number of native bees for pollination.<ref name="Ladybird">Plant database: ''Rubus cunifolius.'' (11 December 2017).Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=RUCU</ref> | ||
===Use by animals=== <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ===Use by animals=== <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ||
| − | Berries produced by ''R. cuneifolius'' are highly palatable by browsing animals, composing 10-25% of the diet for many species of terrestrial birds, large mammals and small mammals. It is also an occasional source of cover for small mammals and terrestrial birds.<ref name="USDA"/> Because ''R. cuneifolius'' fruits in the late summer, it is likely an important source of energy for fall migrating bird species.<ref name="Skeate 1987"/> | + | Berries produced by ''R. cuneifolius'' are highly palatable by browsing animals, composing 10-25% of the diet for many species of terrestrial birds, large mammals and small mammals. It is also an occasional source of cover for small mammals and terrestrial birds.<ref name="USDA"/> Because ''R. cuneifolius'' fruits in the late summer, it is likely an important source of energy for fall migrating bird species.<ref name="Skeate 1987"/> Besides attracting pollinators, ''R. cuneifolius'' is known for providing nesting materials/structure for native bees.<ref name="Ladybird"/> |
===Diseases and parasites=== | ===Diseases and parasites=== | ||
Revision as of 08:30, 11 December 2017
| Rubus cuneifolius | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Robert H. Mohlenbrock hosted at USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicots |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae - Rose family |
| Genus: | Rubus - blackberry |
| Species: | R. cuneifolius |
| Binomial name | |
| Rubus cuneifolius Pursh | |
| |
| Natural range of Rubus cuneifolius from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common Name(s): sand blackberry[1][2], sand bramble, wedge sand blackberry[2]
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Varieties: R. cuneifolius var. angustior; R. cuneifolius var. subellipticus; R. cuneifolius var. spiniceps[2]
Synonym(s): R. chapmannii; R. dixiensis
Description
Rubus cuneifolius is a dioecious perennial subshrub.[2]
Distribution
R. cuneifolius is found primarily on the coastal plains from Connecticut and New York south to Florida, Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana.[1][2]
Ecology
Habitat
R. cuneifolius commonly inhabits woodlands, forests, and disturbed areas.[1] This includes early successional areas.[3]
Phenology
Flowering occurs between March and June, peaking in April,[1][4] with fruiting occurring from May through July.[5] R. cuneifolius produces a white conspicuous flower.[6] The timing of flowering has been shown to be sensitive to ozone levels where elevated levels cause earlier flowering but produce fewer large ripe fruits.[3]
Seed bank and germination
Seeds of R. cuneifolius were commonly observed in Georgia seed banks of longleaf pine - wiregrass - bracken fern forests maintained by annual spring burns since 1961.[7]
Pollination
R. cuneifolius is recognized to attract a large number of native bees for pollination.[6]
Use by animals
Berries produced by R. cuneifolius are highly palatable by browsing animals, composing 10-25% of the diet for many species of terrestrial birds, large mammals and small mammals. It is also an occasional source of cover for small mammals and terrestrial birds.[2] Because R. cuneifolius fruits in the late summer, it is likely an important source of energy for fall migrating bird species.[5] Besides attracting pollinators, R. cuneifolius is known for providing nesting materials/structure for native bees.[6]
Diseases and parasites
R. cuneifolius hosts several species of thripes (Frankliniella spp.) which are tiny insects (1 mm or less) that feed on new plant growth producing cosmetic damage and sometimes transmitting diseases to the plant.[8]
Conservation and Management
Cultivation and restoration
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Weakley A. S.(2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Herbarium.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 30 November 2017). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Chappelka A. H. (2002). Reproductive development of blackberry (Rubus cuneifolius), as influenced by ozone. New Phytologist 155-249-255.
- ↑ Nelson G. (6 December 2017) PanFlora. Retrieved from gilnelson.com/PanFlora/
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Skeate S. T. (1987). Interactions between birds and fruits in a northern Florida hammock community. Ecology 68(2):297-309.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Plant database: Rubus cunifolius. (11 December 2017).Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=RUCU
- ↑ Buckner J. L. and Landers J. L. (1979). Fire and disking effects on herbaceous food plants and seed supplies. The Journal of Wildlife Management 43(3):807-811.
- ↑ Chellemi D. O., Funderburk J. E., and Hall D. W. (1994). Seasonal abundance of flower-inhabiting Frankliniella species (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on wild plant species. Environmental Entomology 23(2):377-342.
