Difference between revisions of "Galactia elliottii"
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In the Coastal Plain in Florida, ''G. elliottii'' can be found in pine flatwoods, sandy scrub, dry pine woods, and mesic transition zones between scrubs and seepage forests. In disturbed areas it has been found in railroad gravel and in coarse sandy roadsides amongst grasses. <ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Edwin L. Bridges, R.K. Godfrey, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, Robert A. Norris, Steve L. Orzell. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Highlands, Nassau, Polk, St. Johns, Taylor, Volusia. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> It is often found in Spodosol soils. <ref name="Muir and Pitman 1987"/> Associated species include ''Croton glandulosus, Paspalum notatum,'' and ''Sporobolus virginicus''. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | In the Coastal Plain in Florida, ''G. elliottii'' can be found in pine flatwoods, sandy scrub, dry pine woods, and mesic transition zones between scrubs and seepage forests. In disturbed areas it has been found in railroad gravel and in coarse sandy roadsides amongst grasses. <ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Edwin L. Bridges, R.K. Godfrey, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, Robert A. Norris, Steve L. Orzell. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Highlands, Nassau, Polk, St. Johns, Taylor, Volusia. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> It is often found in Spodosol soils. <ref name="Muir and Pitman 1987"/> Associated species include ''Croton glandulosus, Paspalum notatum,'' and ''Sporobolus virginicus''. <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | ||
| − | Many legume species are light sensitive, yield decreases as shade increases. However, ''G. elliottii'' possesses and adaptation to shade by producing more herbage and seed under partial shade than full sunlight | + | Many legume species are light sensitive, yield decreases as shade increases. However, ''G. elliottii'' possesses and adaptation to shade by producing more herbage and seed under partial shade than full sunlight. <ref name="Muir and Pitman 1989">Muir, J. P. and W. D. Pitman (1989). "Response of the Florida legume Galactia elliottii to shade." Agroforestry Systems 9(3): 233-239.</ref> |
| − | ''G. elliottii'' is a nitrogen fixing legume and requires relatively high concentrations of other nutrients such as phosphorus and iron | + | ''G. elliottii'' is a nitrogen fixing legume and requires relatively high concentrations of other nutrients such as phosphorus and iron. <ref name="Hungate 2004">J. A. Langley, B. G. Drake, and B. A. Hungate. “Extensive Belowground Carbon Storage Supports Roots and Mycorrhizae in Regenerating Scrub Oaks”. Oecologia 131.4 (2002): 542–548. Web...</ref> Phosphorus has been found to enhance yield of herbage and roots. <ref name="Muir and Pitman 1989"/> |
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
The white flowers have diadelphous stamens, and can be observed blooming May through June <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref name="wildflower">[[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=GAEL2 Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center]]Accessed: December 11, 2015</ref>. | The white flowers have diadelphous stamens, and can be observed blooming May through June <ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref name="wildflower">[[http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=GAEL2 Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center]]Accessed: December 11, 2015</ref>. | ||
| − | ''G. elliottii'' naturally senescences during autumn months, this is a grazing management strategy to defer autumn grazing allowing depleted plants to restore vigour | + | ''G. elliottii'' naturally senescences during autumn months, this is a grazing management strategy to defer autumn grazing allowing depleted plants to restore vigour. <ref name="Muir and Pitman 1991">Muir, J.P. and W.D. Pitman (1991). "RESPONSES OF DESMANTHUS-VIRGATUS, DESMODIUM-HETEROCARPON, AND GALACTIA-ELLIOTTII TO DEFOLIATION". Journal of Tropical Grasslands 25(3):291-296.</ref> It has been found to not be tolerant of repeated defoliation because this species persists primarily through survival of individual plants and vegetative propagation. |
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | In fire suppressed scrubby flatwoods, it can become overgrown and be a dominant understory species | + | In fire suppressed scrubby flatwoods, it can become overgrown and be a dominant understory species. <ref name="Silva-Lugo and Tanner 2010">Silva-Lugo, Jose L., and George W. Tanner. “Testing Control Sites for Fire Ecology Research”.Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 137.2/3 (2010): 263–276.</ref> Schmalzer and Hinkle<ref name="Schmalzer and Hinkle (1992)">Schmalzer, Paul A., and C. Ross Hinkle. “Recovery of Oak-saw Palmetto Scrub After Fire”.Castanea 57.3 (1992): 158–173.</ref> found that ''G. elliottii'' has a seasonal response to fire, present in June (6 and 18 months postburn) and not in winter. |
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Galactia elliottii'' at Archbold Biological Station. <ref name="Deyrup 2015">Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> | The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of ''Galactia elliottii'' at Archbold Biological Station. <ref name="Deyrup 2015">Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref> | ||
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</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
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Revision as of 15:19, 23 June 2016
| Galactia elliottii | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by Karan A. Rawlins, University of Georgia, Bugwood.org | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae ⁄ Leguminosae |
| Genus: | Galactia |
| Species: | G. elliottii |
| Binomial name | |
| Galactia elliottii Nutt. | |
| |
| Natural range of Galactia elliottii from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: Elliott's milkpea
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Description
G. elliottii is a perennial, viney, herbacious legume. Leaves are alternate and petiolate with inconspicuous, green stipules [1]. It is a nitrogen fixing plant. [2]
Generally, the genus Galactia are "trailing or twining, climbing, perennial, herbaceous or woody vines or erect, perennial herbs or rarely shrubs. Leaves 1-pinnate, usually 3-foliolate (or rarely 1-,5-7-,9-folilolate); leaflets entire, petiolulate, stipellate. Racemes axillary, pedunculate with few to numerous, papilionaceous flowers borne solitary or 2-several at a node, ech subtended by a bract and fusion of the 2 uppermost, with the laterals usually shorter than the uppermost and lowermost; petals usually red, purple, pink or white; stamens diadelphous or elsewhere occasionally monadelphous; ovary sessile or shortly stipitate. Legume oblong-linear to linear, few-many seeded, compressed, straight or slightly curbed, dehiscent with often laterally twisting valves. [3]
Specifically, for Galactia elliottii they are "twining, climbing herbaceous vine or somewhat woody at base with sparsely to densely, antrorsely, retrorsely or spreading, strigillose to hirsute stems, 0.51-.5 m long. Leaves pinnately 7-9 foliolate; leaflets oblong to elliptic, 2-4 cm long, sparsely appressed short-pubescent to glabrous above and moderately to densely strigillose beneath. Racemes with peduncles and rachises sparsely to densely, retrorsely, strigillose to somewhat spreading hirsute, 5-20 cm long; flowers 1-3 at each node on usually densely and retrorsely short-hirsute pedicels 1-2.5 mm long. Calyx appressed to somewhat spreading strigillose to short-pilose, tube ca. 3 mm lon, lobes 7-10 mm long; petals white or tinged with red, the standard 1.2-1.5 cm long. Legume 3.5-5 cm long, 5-8 cm long, 5-8 mm broad, densely appressed- tomentose." [3]
Distribution
It is native to South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. [4]
Ecology
Habitat
In the Coastal Plain in Florida, G. elliottii can be found in pine flatwoods, sandy scrub, dry pine woods, and mesic transition zones between scrubs and seepage forests. In disturbed areas it has been found in railroad gravel and in coarse sandy roadsides amongst grasses. [5] It is often found in Spodosol soils. [4] Associated species include Croton glandulosus, Paspalum notatum, and Sporobolus virginicus. [5]
Many legume species are light sensitive, yield decreases as shade increases. However, G. elliottii possesses and adaptation to shade by producing more herbage and seed under partial shade than full sunlight. [6]
G. elliottii is a nitrogen fixing legume and requires relatively high concentrations of other nutrients such as phosphorus and iron. [7] Phosphorus has been found to enhance yield of herbage and roots. [6]
Phenology
The white flowers have diadelphous stamens, and can be observed blooming May through June [5][8].
G. elliottii naturally senescences during autumn months, this is a grazing management strategy to defer autumn grazing allowing depleted plants to restore vigour. [9] It has been found to not be tolerant of repeated defoliation because this species persists primarily through survival of individual plants and vegetative propagation.
Fire ecology
In fire suppressed scrubby flatwoods, it can become overgrown and be a dominant understory species. [10] Schmalzer and Hinkle[11] found that G. elliottii has a seasonal response to fire, present in June (6 and 18 months postburn) and not in winter.
Pollination
The following Hymenoptera families and species were observed visiting flowers of Galactia elliottii at Archbold Biological Station. [12]
Halictidae: Halictus poeyi, Nomia maneei
Megachilidae: Anthidiellum notatum rufomaculatum, Megachile exilis parexilis, M. georgica, M. mendica, M. petulans
Conservation and management
Cultivation and restoration
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ [Encyclopedia of Life]Accessed December 11, 2015
- ↑ Stiling, Peter et al.. “Elevated CO₂ Lowers Relative and Absolute Herbivore Density Across All Species of a Scrub-oak Forest”. Oecologia 134.1 (2003): 82–87.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 643-4. Print.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 J. P. Muir, and W. D. Pitman. “Improving Germination Rate of the Florida Legume Galactia Elliottii”. Journal of Range Management 40.5 (1987): 452–454
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Edwin L. Bridges, R.K. Godfrey, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, Robert A. Norris, Steve L. Orzell. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Highlands, Nassau, Polk, St. Johns, Taylor, Volusia. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Muir, J. P. and W. D. Pitman (1989). "Response of the Florida legume Galactia elliottii to shade." Agroforestry Systems 9(3): 233-239.
- ↑ J. A. Langley, B. G. Drake, and B. A. Hungate. “Extensive Belowground Carbon Storage Supports Roots and Mycorrhizae in Regenerating Scrub Oaks”. Oecologia 131.4 (2002): 542–548. Web...
- ↑ [Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center]Accessed: December 11, 2015
- ↑ Muir, J.P. and W.D. Pitman (1991). "RESPONSES OF DESMANTHUS-VIRGATUS, DESMODIUM-HETEROCARPON, AND GALACTIA-ELLIOTTII TO DEFOLIATION". Journal of Tropical Grasslands 25(3):291-296.
- ↑ Silva-Lugo, Jose L., and George W. Tanner. “Testing Control Sites for Fire Ecology Research”.Journal of the Torrey Botanical Society 137.2/3 (2010): 263–276.
- ↑ Schmalzer, Paul A., and C. Ross Hinkle. “Recovery of Oak-saw Palmetto Scrub After Fire”.Castanea 57.3 (1992): 158–173.
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
