Difference between revisions of "Aureolaria pedicularia"
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
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| − | In its northern range, ''A. pedicularia'' is a biennial plant that forms a basal rosette of leaves in late summer and bolts the following spring, while in the southern range, it is an annual (Musselman and | + | In its northern range, ''A. pedicularia'' is a biennial plant that forms a basal rosette of leaves in late summer and bolts the following spring, while in the southern range, it is an annual. <ref name=muss69> Musselman, L. J. (1969). "Observations on the life history of Aureolaria grandiflora and Aureolaria pedicularia (Scrophulariaceae)." American Midland Naturalist 82: 307-311. </ref> <ref name=muss 78> Musselman, L. J. and W. F. Mann, Jr (1978). Root parasites of southern forests. , USDA Forest Service, Southern For. Exp. Station, New Orleans, LA. Gen. Tech. Rpt. SO-20. : 76. </ref> The stem is terete and covered with glandular hairs <ref name="Illinois"[[http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/savanna/plants/fernleaf_foxglove.htm Illinois Wildflowers]]Accessed: November 30, 2015</ref>. The leaves are fernlike, opposite and sessil <ref name="Minnesota">[[http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/rsg/profile.html?action=elementDetail&selectedElement=PDSCR05060 Minnesota Department of Natural Resources]] Accessed: November 30, 2015</ref> <ref name="Illinois"/>. In the genus ''Aureolaria'', the plants are either annual or perennial. They are parasitic on the roots of ''Quercus'' (oaks) and they turn black when dried. The cauline leaves are opposite or subopposite. The flowers are showy, the calyx is 5-parted, the lobes are shorter to longer than the tube. The corolla is yellow in color, bilabiate, and 5-parted. The tube is campanulate and the lobes are spreading. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, included, filaments are flattened, and the 2 longer more or less lanose. The anther sacs are basally awned. The stigma is capitate and exserted. (Radford 1964). Specifically for ''A. pedicularia'', is an annual, growing up to a 1 m tall, is profusely branched and is pubescent. The stems are glandular-pubescent below, they are not glandular above. They are parasitic to ''Quercus velutina (''black oaks). The basal rosette leaves are elliptic-lanceolate to rhombic, are entire or irregularly crenate-serrate, and approximately 4-8 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide. The cauline leaves are lanceolate, entire or bipinnately lobed to parted, the divisions are angulate and sometimes serrate puberulent to pubescent, the trichomes are not glandular, and grow to approximately 2-6 cm long, 8-21 cm wide. The flowers are axillary and solitary. The pedicels are 8-16 mm long, the pedicels and calyx tubes are glandular-pubescent. The calyx lobes are usually folios, the calyx lobes are longer than the tube. The corolla is 3-4.5 cm long and 3-4 cm broad. The capsule is ellipsoid and 8-10 mm long; the lower half is enclosed in the calyx tube. The seeds are wingless. Flowers from September to October. (Radford 1964). |
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==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
Revision as of 08:10, 14 April 2016
| Aureolaria pedicularia | |
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| Photo by Catherine Herms, The Ohio State University, Bugwood.org | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Lamiales |
| Family: | Orobanchaceae |
| Genus: | Aureolaria |
| Species: | A. pedicularia |
| Binomial name | |
| Aureolaria pedicularia ((L.) Raf. | |
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| Natural range of Aureolaria pedicularia from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common Name: Fernleaf Yellow False Foxglove
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Aureolaria pedicularia var. pedicularia; A. pedicularia var. austromontana Pennell; A. pedicularia var. intercedens Pennell; Gerardia pedicularia Linnaeus var. pedicularia; Gerardia pedicularia Linnaeus var. austromontana (Pennell) Fernald; Gerardia pedicularia Linnaeus var. intercedens (Pennell) Fernald; A. pedicularia ssp. caesariensis Pennell; A. pedicularia ssp. carolinensis Pennell; A. pedicularia ssp. austromontana (Pennell) Pennell; A. pedicularia ssp. intercedens (Pennell) Pennell
Description
In its northern range, A. pedicularia is a biennial plant that forms a basal rosette of leaves in late summer and bolts the following spring, while in the southern range, it is an annual. [1] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag;
invalid names, e.g. too many The stem is terete and covered with glandular hairs Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag [2]. In the genus Aureolaria, the plants are either annual or perennial. They are parasitic on the roots of Quercus (oaks) and they turn black when dried. The cauline leaves are opposite or subopposite. The flowers are showy, the calyx is 5-parted, the lobes are shorter to longer than the tube. The corolla is yellow in color, bilabiate, and 5-parted. The tube is campanulate and the lobes are spreading. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, included, filaments are flattened, and the 2 longer more or less lanose. The anther sacs are basally awned. The stigma is capitate and exserted. (Radford 1964). Specifically for A. pedicularia, is an annual, growing up to a 1 m tall, is profusely branched and is pubescent. The stems are glandular-pubescent below, they are not glandular above. They are parasitic to Quercus velutina (black oaks). The basal rosette leaves are elliptic-lanceolate to rhombic, are entire or irregularly crenate-serrate, and approximately 4-8 cm long, 1.5-3 cm wide. The cauline leaves are lanceolate, entire or bipinnately lobed to parted, the divisions are angulate and sometimes serrate puberulent to pubescent, the trichomes are not glandular, and grow to approximately 2-6 cm long, 8-21 cm wide. The flowers are axillary and solitary. The pedicels are 8-16 mm long, the pedicels and calyx tubes are glandular-pubescent. The calyx lobes are usually folios, the calyx lobes are longer than the tube. The corolla is 3-4.5 cm long and 3-4 cm broad. The capsule is ellipsoid and 8-10 mm long; the lower half is enclosed in the calyx tube. The seeds are wingless. Flowers from September to October. (Radford 1964).
Distribution
Ecology
Habitat
A. pedicularia can occur in slash pinelands, oak-hickory forests, and oak-pine forests (FSU Herbarium; Stiles 1977; Werth et al. 1979). Large populations have been observed on road banks, powerline corridors and other disturbed areas. The inclination for disturbed areas and prolific seed production allows a strong potential as a forest plantation pathogen (Musselman and Mann 1978). Associated species include Pinus rigida, Castanea pumila, Pinus palustris and species of Quercus (Werth and Riopel 1979).
It is a hemiparasitic plant, with a strong affinity for oaks (Musselman and Grelen 1979). Musselman et al. (1969) suggested that A. pedicularia was specific to oak species, however studies have shown populations growing without oaks hosts (Musselman and Grelen 1979; Werth and Riopel 1979). Werth and Riopel (1979) suggest that it does not exhibit a promiscuous parasitism characteristic, but a selectivity for fagaceous roots.
Phenology
Blooms August through September with yellow, zygomorphic campanulate flowers that last one day (Stiles 1977).
Seed dispersal
According to Kay Kirkman, a plant ecologist, this species disperses by wind [3]
Seed bank and germination
The germination of A. pedicularia is epigeal, with the radicle having a strong geotropic response (Musselman et al. 1969). The radicles are covered with root hairs however, seedlings do not have root hairs, this phenomenon could be the result of vestigial characteristics (Musselman et al. 1969). Germination does not depend on light (Musselman et al. 1969).
Fire ecology
It thrives well in fire prone communities and needs periodic fire [4]. Large stands of A. pedicularia have been observed in an oak-pine forest that is burned every third year (Stiles 1977).
Pollination
Three types of bumblebees are responsible for pollination: Bombus impatiens, B. vagans and B. affinis. B. affinis is a nectar robber, cutting holes in the base of the corolla tubes to obtain nectar (Stiles 1977).
Use by animals
Larva of the Orange Sallow moth (Pyrrhia aurantiago) feed on the flower, developing seeds and foliage in early October[5].
Photo Gallery
References and notes
Canne, Judith M.. Seed Surface Features in Aureolaria, Brachystigma, Tomanthera, and Certain South American Agalinis (scrophulariaceae). Systematic Botany 5.3 (1980): 241–252
Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: October 2015. Collectors: Robert K. Godfrey. States and Counties: Florida: Wakulla. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
Leicht-Young, S. A., N. B. Pavlovic, et al. (2009). "A comparison of seed banks across a sand dune successional gradient at Lake Michigan dunes (Indiana, USA)." Plant Ecology 202: 299-308.
Musselman, L. J. (1969). "Observations on the life history of Aureolaria grandiflora and Aureolaria pedicularia (Scrophulariaceae)." American Midland Naturalist 82: 307-311.
Musselman, L. J. and H. E. Grelen (1979). "POPULATION OF AUREOLARIA-PEDICULARIA (L) RAF (SCROPHULARIACEAE) WITHOUT OAKS." American Midland Naturalist 102(1): 175-177.
Musselman, L. J. and W. F. Mann, Jr (1978). Root parasites of southern forests. , USDA Forest Service, Southern For. Exp. Station, New Orleans, LA. Gen. Tech. Rpt. SO-20. : 76.
Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 956-7. Print.
Stiles, Edmund W.. Foraging Behavior of Bumblebees on False Foxglove. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 85.4 (1977): 249–252.
Werth, Charles R., and James L. Riopel. A Study of the Host Range of Aureolaria Pedicularia (L.) Raf. (Scrophulariaceae). American Midland Naturalist 102.2 (1979): 300–306.
- ↑ Musselman, L. J. (1969). "Observations on the life history of Aureolaria grandiflora and Aureolaria pedicularia (Scrophulariaceae)." American Midland Naturalist 82: 307-311.
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedIllinois - ↑ Kay Kirkman, unpublished data, 2015.
- ↑ [Rare Plants of New Hampshire] Accessed December 1, 2015
- ↑ [Natural Heritage and Endangered Species Program]Accessed December 1, 2015
