Difference between revisions of "Lactuca canadensis"
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Lactuca canadensis'' from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LACA Plants Database]. | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Lactuca canadensis'' from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=LACA Plants Database]. | ||
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| − | Common Name: American wild lettuce | + | Common Name: American wild lettuce,<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> Canada lettuce<ref name="USDA">USDA NRCS (2016) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 30 January 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref> |
==Taxonomic Notes== | ==Taxonomic Notes== | ||
| − | Synonym: '' | + | Synonym: none<ref name=weakley/> |
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: ''Lactuca canadensis'' Linnaeus; ''L. canadensis'' var. ''canadensis''; ''L. canadensis'' var. ''latifolia'' Kuntze; ''L. canadensis'' var. ''longifolia'' (Michaux) Farwell; ''L. canadensis'' var. ''obovata'' Wiegand; ''L. sagittifolia'' Elliott<ref name=weakley/> | ||
==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | ''Lactuca canadensis'' is a dioecious annual and biennial that grows as a forb/herb.<ref name="USDA"/> Its inflorescence consist of a cluster of small pale yellow flowers. When crushed, its foliage excretes a milky juice. Leaves are alternate, simple, with lobed margins.<ref name="Ladybird">Plant database: ''Lactuca canadensis''. (30 January 2018) Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LACA</ref> Leaf shape changes with available water and sunlight. Growth in Denver swamps produced larger leaves while plants in direct sunlight were more lobed than the non-lobed plants grown in shade.<ref name="Talbert & Holch 1957">Talbert CM, Holch AE (1957) A study of the lobing of sun and shade leaves. Ecology 38(4):655-658.</ref> In Nebraska, it reaches 61 in (1.55 m) in height and 27 in (0.69 m) wide on the surface.<ref name="Ladybird"/> Roots are tender and milky spreading out 35 in (0.90 m) and reaching 26 in (0.66 m) deep.<ref name="Cole & Holch 1941">Cole HE, Holch AE (1941) The root habits of certain weeds of southeastern Nebraska. Ecology 22(2):141-147.</ref> | + | ''Lactuca canadensis'' is a dioecious annual and biennial that grows as a forb/herb.<ref name="USDA"/> Its inflorescence consist of a cluster of small pale yellow flowers. When crushed, its foliage excretes a milky juice. Leaves are alternate, simple, with lobed margins.<ref name="Ladybird">Plant database: ''Lactuca canadensis''. (30 January 2018) Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LACA</ref> Leaf shape changes with available water and sunlight. Growth in Denver swamps produced larger leaves while plants in direct sunlight were more lobed than the non-lobed plants grown in shade.<ref name="Talbert & Holch 1957">Talbert CM, Holch AE (1957) A study of the lobing of sun and shade leaves. Ecology 38(4):655-658.</ref> In Nebraska, it reaches 61 in (1.55 m) in height and 27 in (0.69 m) wide on the surface.<ref name="Ladybird"/> Roots are tender and milky, spreading out 35 in (0.90 m) and reaching 26 in (0.66 m) deep.<ref name="Cole & Holch 1941">Cole HE, Holch AE (1941) The root habits of certain weeds of southeastern Nebraska. Ecology 22(2):141-147.</ref> |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| Line 30: | Line 32: | ||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''L. canadensis'' is found in fields, roadsides, disturbed ground,<ref name="Weakley 2015"/> thickets, forest edges, and in forest clearings (as cited in <ref name="Lebeda et al 2004">Lebeda A, Dolezalova I, Ferakova V, Astley D (2004) Geographical distribution of wild ''Lactuca'' species (Asteraceae, Lactuceae). Botanical Review 70(3):328-356.</ref>) | + | |
| + | ''L. canadensis'' is found in brackish marshes, floodplain woodlands, pond shores, and sandbar edges.<ref name="FSU"> Florida State University Herbarium Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Culver Gidden, R.K. Godfrey, R. Kral, P.L. Redfearn and Sydney Thompson. States and counties: Florida: Franklin, Holmes Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Wakulla.</ref> It is also found in disturbed habitats including along roadsides and woodland margins.<ref name="FSU"/> Associated species: ''Eutrochium maculatum, Solidago sp.'', and ''Rudbeckia''.<ref name="BHSU"> Black Hills State University Herbarium accessed using Southeastern Regional Network of Expertise and Collections (SERNEC) data portal. URL: http://sernecportal.org/portal/collections/index.php Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Roberta H. Smith. States and Counties: South Dakota: Pennington.</ref><ref name="BRIT"> Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Philecology Herbarium accessed using Southeastern Regional Network of Expertise and Collections (SERNEC) data portal. URL: http://sernecportal.org/portal/collections/index.php Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Cheryl Mayer. States and Counties: Texas: Midland.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''L. canadensis'' had variable changes in frequency to soil disturbance by roller chopping and disturbance by a KG blade in east Texas Loblolly Pine-Hardwood Forests. In some areas of reestablished, post-disturbance pineland the plant would exhibit regrowth while in other sections it would not.<ref>Stransky, J.J., J.C. Huntley, and Wanda J. Risner. (1986). Net Community Production Dynamics in the Herb-Shrub Stratum of a Loblolly Pine-Hardwood Forest: Effects of CLearcutting and Site Preparation. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-61. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Dept of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 11 p.</ref> | ||
| + | <!--''L. canadensis'' is found in fields, roadsides, disturbed ground,<ref name="Weakley 2015"/> thickets, forest edges, and in forest clearings (as cited in <ref name="Lebeda et al 2004">Lebeda A, Dolezalova I, Ferakova V, Astley D (2004) Geographical distribution of wild ''Lactuca'' species (Asteraceae, Lactuceae). Botanical Review 70(3):328-356.</ref>) --> Additionally, ''L. canadensis'' was found to be neutral in its short-term response to single mechanical soil disturbances.<ref name=Dixon>Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.</ref> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | In the southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, this species flowers from June through November.<ref name= | + | In the southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, this species flowers from June through November.<ref name=weakley/> Flowers on the Florida panhandle have been reported in May, June, and August, peaking in June.<ref name="PanFlora">Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 30 JAN 2018/</ref> |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | This species is thought to be dispersed by wind. <ref> Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> | + | This species is thought to be dispersed by wind.<ref> Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> |
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
Tennessee topsoil produced 2,683 individuals ha<sup>-1</sup> (26.83 individuals Dm<sup>-2</sup>).<ref name="Farmer et al 1982">Farmer RE Jr, Cunningham M, Barnhill MA (1982) First-year development of plant communities originating from forest topsoils placed on southern Appalachian minesoils. Journal of Applied Ecology 19(1):283-294.</ref> | Tennessee topsoil produced 2,683 individuals ha<sup>-1</sup> (26.83 individuals Dm<sup>-2</sup>).<ref name="Farmer et al 1982">Farmer RE Jr, Cunningham M, Barnhill MA (1982) First-year development of plant communities originating from forest topsoils placed on southern Appalachian minesoils. Journal of Applied Ecology 19(1):283-294.</ref> | ||
<!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | <!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | |||
| − | === | + | ===Pollination=== |
| − | In Minnesota, browsing by white-tailed deer (''Odocoileus virginianus'') reduced the height (63.8 cm with browsing versus 136.9 cm without). Also, flowering was over 7 times greater on unbrowsed (231 flower heads per plant with browsing versus 1,725 without) ''L. canadensis'' plants.<ref name="Shelton & Inouye 1995">Shelton AL, Inouye RS (1995) Effect of browsing by deer on the growth and reproductive success of ''Lactuca canadensis'' (Asteraceae). The American Midland Naturalist 134(2):332-339.</ref> Seeds from ''L. canadensis'' also provide a resource for wintering birds such as tree sparrows (''Spizella arborea''). In Illinois, seed traps found densities of 72 g seeds hm<sup>-2</sup> during winter months.<ref name="West 1967">West GC (1967) Nutrition of tree sparrows during winter in central Illinois. Ecology 48(1):58-67.</ref> | + | ===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> |
| + | ''Lactuca canadensis'' has been observed to host sweat bees such as ''Halictus ligatus'' (family Halictidae), leafcutting bees such as ''Entylia carinata'' (family Membracidae), and aphids from the Aphididae family such as ''Aphis sp..'' and ''Uroleucon sp.''<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> In Minnesota, browsing by white-tailed deer (''Odocoileus virginianus'') reduced the height (63.8 cm with browsing versus 136.9 cm without). Also, flowering was over 7 times greater on unbrowsed (231 flower heads per plant with browsing versus 1,725 without) ''L. canadensis'' plants.<ref name="Shelton & Inouye 1995">Shelton AL, Inouye RS (1995) Effect of browsing by deer on the growth and reproductive success of ''Lactuca canadensis'' (Asteraceae). The American Midland Naturalist 134(2):332-339.</ref> Seeds from ''L. canadensis'' also provide a resource for wintering birds such as tree sparrows (''Spizella arborea''). In Illinois, seed traps found densities of 72 g seeds hm<sup>-2</sup> during winter months.<ref name="West 1967">West GC (1967) Nutrition of tree sparrows during winter in central Illinois. Ecology 48(1):58-67.</ref> | ||
<!--==Diseases and parasites==--> | <!--==Diseases and parasites==--> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| + | |||
| + | ==Cultural use== | ||
| + | Similar to cultivated lettuce, wild lettuce species can be used as salad greens.<ref> Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.</ref> | ||
| − | |||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 15:02, 2 August 2024
| Lactuca canadensis | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by the Illinois Wildflowers Database | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicots |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae |
| Genus: | Lactuca |
| Species: | L. canadensis |
| Binomial name | |
| Lactuca canadensis L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Lactuca canadensis from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common Name: American wild lettuce,[1] Canada lettuce[2]
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Synonym: none[1]
Varieties: Lactuca canadensis Linnaeus; L. canadensis var. canadensis; L. canadensis var. latifolia Kuntze; L. canadensis var. longifolia (Michaux) Farwell; L. canadensis var. obovata Wiegand; L. sagittifolia Elliott[1]
Description
Lactuca canadensis is a dioecious annual and biennial that grows as a forb/herb.[2] Its inflorescence consist of a cluster of small pale yellow flowers. When crushed, its foliage excretes a milky juice. Leaves are alternate, simple, with lobed margins.[3] Leaf shape changes with available water and sunlight. Growth in Denver swamps produced larger leaves while plants in direct sunlight were more lobed than the non-lobed plants grown in shade.[4] In Nebraska, it reaches 61 in (1.55 m) in height and 27 in (0.69 m) wide on the surface.[3] Roots are tender and milky, spreading out 35 in (0.90 m) and reaching 26 in (0.66 m) deep.[5]
Distribution
This species occurs in all of the lower 48 United States excluding Nevada and Arizona. In Canada, it is found in all the provinces except Saskatchewan, Nunavut, and Northwest Territories.[2]
Ecology
Habitat
L. canadensis is found in brackish marshes, floodplain woodlands, pond shores, and sandbar edges.[6] It is also found in disturbed habitats including along roadsides and woodland margins.[6] Associated species: Eutrochium maculatum, Solidago sp., and Rudbeckia.[7][8]
L. canadensis had variable changes in frequency to soil disturbance by roller chopping and disturbance by a KG blade in east Texas Loblolly Pine-Hardwood Forests. In some areas of reestablished, post-disturbance pineland the plant would exhibit regrowth while in other sections it would not.[9]
Additionally, L. canadensis was found to be neutral in its short-term response to single mechanical soil disturbances.[10]
Phenology
In the southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, this species flowers from June through November.[1] Flowers on the Florida panhandle have been reported in May, June, and August, peaking in June.[11]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by wind.[12]
Seed bank and germination
Tennessee topsoil produced 2,683 individuals ha-1 (26.83 individuals Dm-2).[13]
Pollination
Herbivory and toxicology
Lactuca canadensis has been observed to host sweat bees such as Halictus ligatus (family Halictidae), leafcutting bees such as Entylia carinata (family Membracidae), and aphids from the Aphididae family such as Aphis sp.. and Uroleucon sp.[14] In Minnesota, browsing by white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) reduced the height (63.8 cm with browsing versus 136.9 cm without). Also, flowering was over 7 times greater on unbrowsed (231 flower heads per plant with browsing versus 1,725 without) L. canadensis plants.[15] Seeds from L. canadensis also provide a resource for wintering birds such as tree sparrows (Spizella arborea). In Illinois, seed traps found densities of 72 g seeds hm-2 during winter months.[16]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Similar to cultivated lettuce, wild lettuce species can be used as salad greens.[17]
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 USDA NRCS (2016) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 30 January 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Plant database: Lactuca canadensis. (30 January 2018) Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. URL: https://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=LACA
- ↑ Talbert CM, Holch AE (1957) A study of the lobing of sun and shade leaves. Ecology 38(4):655-658.
- ↑ Cole HE, Holch AE (1941) The root habits of certain weeds of southeastern Nebraska. Ecology 22(2):141-147.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Florida State University Herbarium Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Culver Gidden, R.K. Godfrey, R. Kral, P.L. Redfearn and Sydney Thompson. States and counties: Florida: Franklin, Holmes Okaloosa, Santa Rosa, and Wakulla.
- ↑ Black Hills State University Herbarium accessed using Southeastern Regional Network of Expertise and Collections (SERNEC) data portal. URL: http://sernecportal.org/portal/collections/index.php Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Roberta H. Smith. States and Counties: South Dakota: Pennington.
- ↑ Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Philecology Herbarium accessed using Southeastern Regional Network of Expertise and Collections (SERNEC) data portal. URL: http://sernecportal.org/portal/collections/index.php Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Cheryl Mayer. States and Counties: Texas: Midland.
- ↑ Stransky, J.J., J.C. Huntley, and Wanda J. Risner. (1986). Net Community Production Dynamics in the Herb-Shrub Stratum of a Loblolly Pine-Hardwood Forest: Effects of CLearcutting and Site Preparation. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-61. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Dept of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station. 11 p.
- ↑ Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 30 JAN 2018/
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Farmer RE Jr, Cunningham M, Barnhill MA (1982) First-year development of plant communities originating from forest topsoils placed on southern Appalachian minesoils. Journal of Applied Ecology 19(1):283-294.
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
- ↑ Shelton AL, Inouye RS (1995) Effect of browsing by deer on the growth and reproductive success of Lactuca canadensis (Asteraceae). The American Midland Naturalist 134(2):332-339.
- ↑ West GC (1967) Nutrition of tree sparrows during winter in central Illinois. Ecology 48(1):58-67.
- ↑ Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
