Difference between revisions of "Desmodium viridiflorum"
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| − | Common name: velvetleaf | + | Common name: velvetleaf tick-trefoil, velvety tick-trefoil |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonym: ''Meibomia viridiflora'' (Linnaeus) Kuntze<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: none<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | Generally, for ''Desmodium'' genus, they are "annual or perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees. Leaves 1-5 foliolate, pinnately 3-foliolate in ours or rarely the uppermost or lowermost 1-foliolate; leaflets entire, usually stipellate; stipules caduceus to persistent, ovate to subulate, foliaceous to setaceous, often striate. Inflorescence terminal and from the upper axils, paniculate or occasionally racemose; pedicel of each papilionaceous flower subtended by a secondary bract or bractlet, the cluster of 1-few flowers subtended by a primary bract. Calyx slightly to conspicuously 2-lipped, the upper lip scarcely bifid, the lower lip 3-dentate; petals pink, roseate, purple, bluish or white; stamens monadelphous or more commonly diadelphous and then 9 and 1. Legume a stipitate loment, the segments 2-many or rarely solitary, usually flattened and densely uncinated-pubescent, separating into 1-seeded, indehiscent segments." | + | Generally, for ''Desmodium'' genus, they are "annual or perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees. Leaves 1-5 foliolate, pinnately 3-foliolate in ours or rarely the uppermost or lowermost 1-foliolate; leaflets entire, usually stipellate; stipules caduceus to persistent, ovate to subulate, foliaceous to setaceous, often striate. Inflorescence terminal and from the upper axils, paniculate or occasionally racemose; pedicel of each papilionaceous flower subtended by a secondary bract or bractlet, the cluster of 1-few flowers subtended by a primary bract. Calyx slightly to conspicuously 2-lipped, the upper lip scarcely bifid, the lower lip 3-dentate; petals pink, roseate, purple, bluish or white; stamens monadelphous or more commonly diadelphous and then 9 and 1. Legume a stipitate loment, the segments 2-many or rarely solitary, usually flattened and densely uncinated-pubescent, separating into 1-seeded, indehiscent segments." <ref name=Radford> Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 604-11. Print. </ref> |
| − | Specifically, for ''D. viridiflorum'' species, they are "erect perennial; stems 0.8-2 m tall, sparsely to densely-puberulent as well as uncinlate-pubescent, occasionally pilose. Terminal leaflets rhombic or deltoid, 3.5-11 cm long, usually 2/3 as wide as long, glabrate to moderately pilose above and densely velvety-tomentose beneath; stipules lance-ovate, acuminate, 3-7 mm long; stipels persistent. Inflorescence paniculate, densely puberulent and uncinlate-pubescent; pedicels 2.5-8 mm long. Calyx sparsely to densely short-pubescent; petals pinkish to rose, 5-9 mm long, 3.5-5 mm broad, straight or somewhat angled above and bluntly angular to somewhat rounded below, moderately to densely uncinulate-pubescent on both sides and sutures; stipe 2.5-6 mm long, considerably longer than calyx tube but shorter than stamina remnants." | + | Specifically, for ''D. viridiflorum'' species, they are "erect perennial; stems 0.8-2 m tall, sparsely to densely-puberulent as well as uncinlate-pubescent, occasionally pilose. Terminal leaflets rhombic or deltoid, 3.5-11 cm long, usually 2/3 as wide as long, glabrate to moderately pilose above and densely velvety-tomentose beneath; stipules lance-ovate, acuminate, 3-7 mm long; stipels persistent. Inflorescence paniculate, densely puberulent and uncinlate-pubescent; pedicels 2.5-8 mm long. Calyx sparsely to densely short-pubescent; petals pinkish to rose, 5-9 mm long, 3.5-5 mm broad, straight or somewhat angled above and bluntly angular to somewhat rounded below, moderately to densely uncinulate-pubescent on both sides and sutures; stipe 2.5-6 mm long, considerably longer than calyx tube but shorter than stamina remnants." <ref name=Radford/> |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | It is distributed widely throughout the eastern U.S. | + | It is distributed widely throughout the eastern U.S.. <ref name= "NRCS Plants Database">NRCS Plants Database http://plants.usda.gov/java</ref> |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
| − | It is a legume with a relatively high nitrogen-fixation rate and acetylene reduction rate ( | + | It is a legume with a relatively high nitrogen-fixation rate and acetylene reduction rate.<ref name=h99> Hendricks, J. J. and L. R. Boring (1999). "N2-fixation by native herbaceous legumes in burned pine ecosystems of the southeastern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 113: 167-177. </ref><ref name=l06> Lajeunesse, S. D., J. J. Dilustro, et al. (2006). "Ground layer carbon and nitrogen cycling and legume nitrogen inputs following fire in mixed pine forests." American Journal of Botany 93: 84-93.</ref> |
| + | |||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | In the southeastern coastal plain | + | In the southeastern coastal plain, this species is associated with open, frequently burned longleaf, shortleaf pine-oak-hickory, loblolly pine upland native and old-field communities and open upland hardwood forests (Ultisols).<ref name=l06/><ref name=fsu>Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Tom Barnes, Ritchie Bell, Boothes, Loran C. Anderson, A.F. Clewell, R.K. Godfrey, Randy Haynes, Samuel B. Jones, R. Komarek, R. Kral, T. MacCleandon, Sidney McDaniel, R. A. Norris, A.E. Radford, Cecil R. Slaughter, V. Sullivan, and J. Wooten. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Franklin, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Putnam, Volusia, and Wakulla. Georgia: Grady and Gilmer. South Carolina: Marion. Mississippi: Hancock. Alabama: Cleburne. North Carolina: Davie.</ref> It occurs in both native areas and in old-field habitats and areas with recent soil disturbance. It is found on loamy sands and sandy loams. Associated species include ''Desmodium floridanum, D. strictum, D. glabellum, D. paniculatum,'' and ''Pinus palustris.''<ref name=fsu/> ''D. viridiflorum'' was found to be an increaser in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.<ref name=Dixon>Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.</ref> |
| − | + | '' Desmodium viridiflorum'' is an indicator species for the Clayhill Longleaf Woodlands community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref> | |
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | In the southeastern coastal plain it flowers from July-September and fruits July-October | + | In the southeastern coastal plain it flowers from July-September and fruits July-October.<ref name=fsu/> In north Florida, ''D. viridiflorum'' has been observed flowering from July to October with peak inflorescence in September.<ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 8 DEC 2016</ref> |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | ===Seed bank and germination=== | + | This species is thought to be dispersed by translocation on animal fur or feathers. <ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> |
| + | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
| + | |||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | ''Desmodium viridiflorum'' was noticeably more abundant in burned plots | + | According to Hendricks' study, ''Desmodium viridiflorum'' was noticeably more abundant in burned plots,<ref name=h99/> and populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> In the Oconee National Forest, the plots had a history of no burning, there were 28 individuals (of ''Desmodium viridiflorum'') per ha.<ref name=h99/> In the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge, the plots were burned in the dormant season (winter) every 4-5 years, there were 2,563 to 3,953 individuals (of ''Desmodium viridiflorum'') per ha.<ref name=h99/> Areas that are burned more frequently are more likely to have established populations of ''D. viridiflorum'' and will be persistent and large enough to affect nitrogen availability.<ref name=h99/> In drought conditions, water stress is suggested by Hendricks and that the stress contributes to loss of leaf area, which in turn, reduces the photosynthate available to maintain the high nitrogen fixing rates. <ref name=h99/> |
| + | <!--===Pollination===--> | ||
| + | <!--===Herbivory and toxicology===--><!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ||
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | == | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | + | ||
| − | + | ==Cultural use== | |
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| − | == | ||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
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==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
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Latest revision as of 13:20, 1 August 2024
| Desmodium viridiflorum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo taken by Kevin Robertson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae ⁄ Leguminosae |
| Genus: | Desmodium |
| Species: | D. viridiflorum |
| Binomial name | |
| Desmodium viridiflorum (L.) DC. | |
| |
| Natural range of Desmodium viridiflorum from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: velvetleaf tick-trefoil, velvety tick-trefoil
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonym: Meibomia viridiflora (Linnaeus) Kuntze[1]
Varieties: none[1]
Description
Generally, for Desmodium genus, they are "annual or perennial herbs, shrubs or small trees. Leaves 1-5 foliolate, pinnately 3-foliolate in ours or rarely the uppermost or lowermost 1-foliolate; leaflets entire, usually stipellate; stipules caduceus to persistent, ovate to subulate, foliaceous to setaceous, often striate. Inflorescence terminal and from the upper axils, paniculate or occasionally racemose; pedicel of each papilionaceous flower subtended by a secondary bract or bractlet, the cluster of 1-few flowers subtended by a primary bract. Calyx slightly to conspicuously 2-lipped, the upper lip scarcely bifid, the lower lip 3-dentate; petals pink, roseate, purple, bluish or white; stamens monadelphous or more commonly diadelphous and then 9 and 1. Legume a stipitate loment, the segments 2-many or rarely solitary, usually flattened and densely uncinated-pubescent, separating into 1-seeded, indehiscent segments." [2]
Specifically, for D. viridiflorum species, they are "erect perennial; stems 0.8-2 m tall, sparsely to densely-puberulent as well as uncinlate-pubescent, occasionally pilose. Terminal leaflets rhombic or deltoid, 3.5-11 cm long, usually 2/3 as wide as long, glabrate to moderately pilose above and densely velvety-tomentose beneath; stipules lance-ovate, acuminate, 3-7 mm long; stipels persistent. Inflorescence paniculate, densely puberulent and uncinlate-pubescent; pedicels 2.5-8 mm long. Calyx sparsely to densely short-pubescent; petals pinkish to rose, 5-9 mm long, 3.5-5 mm broad, straight or somewhat angled above and bluntly angular to somewhat rounded below, moderately to densely uncinulate-pubescent on both sides and sutures; stipe 2.5-6 mm long, considerably longer than calyx tube but shorter than stamina remnants." [2]
Distribution
It is distributed widely throughout the eastern U.S.. [3]
Ecology
It is a legume with a relatively high nitrogen-fixation rate and acetylene reduction rate.[4][5]
Habitat
In the southeastern coastal plain, this species is associated with open, frequently burned longleaf, shortleaf pine-oak-hickory, loblolly pine upland native and old-field communities and open upland hardwood forests (Ultisols).[5][6] It occurs in both native areas and in old-field habitats and areas with recent soil disturbance. It is found on loamy sands and sandy loams. Associated species include Desmodium floridanum, D. strictum, D. glabellum, D. paniculatum, and Pinus palustris.[6] D. viridiflorum was found to be an increaser in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.[7]
Desmodium viridiflorum is an indicator species for the Clayhill Longleaf Woodlands community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[8]
Phenology
In the southeastern coastal plain it flowers from July-September and fruits July-October.[6] In north Florida, D. viridiflorum has been observed flowering from July to October with peak inflorescence in September.[9]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by translocation on animal fur or feathers. [10]
Fire ecology
According to Hendricks' study, Desmodium viridiflorum was noticeably more abundant in burned plots,[4] and populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.[11] In the Oconee National Forest, the plots had a history of no burning, there were 28 individuals (of Desmodium viridiflorum) per ha.[4] In the Piedmont National Wildlife Refuge, the plots were burned in the dormant season (winter) every 4-5 years, there were 2,563 to 3,953 individuals (of Desmodium viridiflorum) per ha.[4] Areas that are burned more frequently are more likely to have established populations of D. viridiflorum and will be persistent and large enough to affect nitrogen availability.[4] In drought conditions, water stress is suggested by Hendricks and that the stress contributes to loss of leaf area, which in turn, reduces the photosynthate available to maintain the high nitrogen fixing rates. [4]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 604-11. Print.
- ↑ NRCS Plants Database http://plants.usda.gov/java
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Hendricks, J. J. and L. R. Boring (1999). "N2-fixation by native herbaceous legumes in burned pine ecosystems of the southeastern United States." Forest Ecology and Management 113: 167-177.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Lajeunesse, S. D., J. J. Dilustro, et al. (2006). "Ground layer carbon and nitrogen cycling and legume nitrogen inputs following fire in mixed pine forests." American Journal of Botany 93: 84-93.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Tom Barnes, Ritchie Bell, Boothes, Loran C. Anderson, A.F. Clewell, R.K. Godfrey, Randy Haynes, Samuel B. Jones, R. Komarek, R. Kral, T. MacCleandon, Sidney McDaniel, R. A. Norris, A.E. Radford, Cecil R. Slaughter, V. Sullivan, and J. Wooten. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Franklin, Jackson, Leon, Liberty, Okaloosa, Putnam, Volusia, and Wakulla. Georgia: Grady and Gilmer. South Carolina: Marion. Mississippi: Hancock. Alabama: Cleburne. North Carolina: Davie.
- ↑ Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.
- ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 8 DEC 2016
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
