Difference between revisions of "Aureolaria flava"
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Aureolaria flava'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=AUFL Plants Database]. | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Aureolaria flava'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=AUFL Plants Database]. | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | Common | + | Common name: Smooth yellow false foxglove |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonyms: none<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: ''Gerardia flava'' Linnaeus var. ''flava''; ''Gerardia flava'' var. ''reticulata'' (Rafinesque) Cory; ''A. flava'' ssp. ''typica'' Pennell; ''Gerardia flava'' Linnaeus var. ''macrantha'' (Pennell) Fernald<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| + | In the genus ''Aureolaria'', the plants are either annual or perennial. They are parasitic on the roots of ''Quercus'' (oaks) and turn black when dried. The leaves are opposite or subopposite and branch from the upper portion of the stem (cauline). The flowers are showy, the calyx is 5-parted, the lobes can be shorter or longer than the tube. The flower is yellow in color, bilabiate, and 5-parted. The tube is bell-shaped with spreading lobes. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, and the filaments are flattened with the 2 longer more or less lanose. The anther sacs are basally awned. The stigma is capitate and protruding.<ref name="radford">Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 957-8. Print.</ref> | ||
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| + | Specifically for ''A. flava'', the plant is perennial and parasitic on ''Quercus alba'' (white oaks). The stems are glabrous and grow to approximately 2 or more meters. The glabrous leaves are lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate, the upper portion is usually entire or serrate and the lower portion is usually pinnately lobed to parted, and they grow to approximately 7 - 17 cm long and 1.5 - 7 cm wide. The flowers and pedicels are glabrous, 4 - 25 mm long at the anthesis, and curve upward. The calyx lobes are lanceolate to triangular, equaling or slightly longer than the tubes which are entire, and are 3 - 5 mm long. The flower is 3 - 5 cm long. The capsules are glabrous.<ref name="radford"/> | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
| − | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | + | This species is a hemiparasitic plant. It uses specialized roots called haustoria that attach to the roots of hosts to transport sugars and proteins. Since it is a hemiparasitic plant, it still has green tissues and preforms photosynthesis. ''Quercus'' species are one of the major host plants<ref name="gobotany">[[https://gobotany.newenglandwild.org/species/aureolaria/flava/]]Go Botany. Accessed: April 1, 2016</ref>. |
| + | ===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| + | Habitats include cliffs, balds, ledges, ridges, pine-oak woods and loamy sand in oak-hickory on upper slopes of steepheads in shaded areas. It also can be found in areas of human disturbance such as on the edges of trails and slopes of impoundments<ref name="fsu">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: L. C. Anderson, B. Boothe, M. Boothe, V. Craig, R. K. Godfrey, H. Roth, and R.A. Norris. States and Counties: Florida: Gadsden, Leon, and Liberty.</ref>.However, ''A. flava'' was found to be a decreaser in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.<ref name=Dixon>Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.</ref> This species is a hemiparasitic plant which often times uses species of ''Quercus'' as its host<ref name="belofsky">Belofsky, G., M. D. Bowers, et al. (1989). "Iridoid glycosides of Aureolaria flava and their sequestration by Euphydryas phaeton butterflies." Phytochemistry 28(6): 1601-1604</ref>. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| + | The yellow flowers are bisexual, weakly bilaterally symmetrical and have a superior ovary. Flowering occurs summer through fall from August to September; and September to October.<ref name="radford"/>. It has been observed flowering in north Florida in May and July.<ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 7 DEC 2016</ref>The fruit is a capsule.<ref name="name">[[http://www.namethatplant.net/plantdetail.shtml?plant=179]]Name That Plant. Accessed: April 1, 2016</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
| + | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| + | Populations of ''Aureolaria flava'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Pollination=== | ||
| + | ''Aureolaria flava'' is known to be pollinated by bumblebees.<ref name="hawthorn">[[http://hawthornhillwildflowers.blogspot.com/2012/09/smooth-yellow-false-foxglove-aureolaria.html]]Native Florida Wildflowers. Accessed: April 1, 2016</ref> | ||
| − | + | <!--===Herbivory and toxicology===--> | |
| + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | == | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
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| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
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==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
| + | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
| − | |||
Latest revision as of 15:24, 30 July 2024
| Aureolaria flava | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo was taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Scrophulariales |
| Family: | Scrophulariaceae |
| Genus: | Aureolaria |
| Species: | A. flava |
| Binomial name | |
| Aureolaria flava (L.) Farw. | |
| |
| Natural range of Aureolaria flava from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: Smooth yellow false foxglove
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: none[1]
Varieties: Gerardia flava Linnaeus var. flava; Gerardia flava var. reticulata (Rafinesque) Cory; A. flava ssp. typica Pennell; Gerardia flava Linnaeus var. macrantha (Pennell) Fernald[1]
Description
In the genus Aureolaria, the plants are either annual or perennial. They are parasitic on the roots of Quercus (oaks) and turn black when dried. The leaves are opposite or subopposite and branch from the upper portion of the stem (cauline). The flowers are showy, the calyx is 5-parted, the lobes can be shorter or longer than the tube. The flower is yellow in color, bilabiate, and 5-parted. The tube is bell-shaped with spreading lobes. There are 4 stamens, didynamous, and the filaments are flattened with the 2 longer more or less lanose. The anther sacs are basally awned. The stigma is capitate and protruding.[2]
Specifically for A. flava, the plant is perennial and parasitic on Quercus alba (white oaks). The stems are glabrous and grow to approximately 2 or more meters. The glabrous leaves are lanceolate or elliptic lanceolate, the upper portion is usually entire or serrate and the lower portion is usually pinnately lobed to parted, and they grow to approximately 7 - 17 cm long and 1.5 - 7 cm wide. The flowers and pedicels are glabrous, 4 - 25 mm long at the anthesis, and curve upward. The calyx lobes are lanceolate to triangular, equaling or slightly longer than the tubes which are entire, and are 3 - 5 mm long. The flower is 3 - 5 cm long. The capsules are glabrous.[2]
Distribution
Ecology
This species is a hemiparasitic plant. It uses specialized roots called haustoria that attach to the roots of hosts to transport sugars and proteins. Since it is a hemiparasitic plant, it still has green tissues and preforms photosynthesis. Quercus species are one of the major host plants[3].
Habitat
Habitats include cliffs, balds, ledges, ridges, pine-oak woods and loamy sand in oak-hickory on upper slopes of steepheads in shaded areas. It also can be found in areas of human disturbance such as on the edges of trails and slopes of impoundments[4].However, A. flava was found to be a decreaser in its long-term response following cessation of repeated soil disturbance.[5] This species is a hemiparasitic plant which often times uses species of Quercus as its host[6].
Phenology
The yellow flowers are bisexual, weakly bilaterally symmetrical and have a superior ovary. Flowering occurs summer through fall from August to September; and September to October.[2]. It has been observed flowering in north Florida in May and July.[7]The fruit is a capsule.[8]
Fire ecology
Populations of Aureolaria flava have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.[9]
Pollination
Aureolaria flava is known to be pollinated by bumblebees.[10]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 957-8. Print.
- ↑ [[1]]Go Botany. Accessed: April 1, 2016
- ↑ Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: L. C. Anderson, B. Boothe, M. Boothe, V. Craig, R. K. Godfrey, H. Roth, and R.A. Norris. States and Counties: Florida: Gadsden, Leon, and Liberty.
- ↑ Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.
- ↑ Belofsky, G., M. D. Bowers, et al. (1989). "Iridoid glycosides of Aureolaria flava and their sequestration by Euphydryas phaeton butterflies." Phytochemistry 28(6): 1601-1604
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 7 DEC 2016
- ↑ [[2]]Name That Plant. Accessed: April 1, 2016
- ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ [[3]]Native Florida Wildflowers. Accessed: April 1, 2016
