Difference between revisions of "Acer rubrum"
(→Cultivation and restoration) |
Adam.Vansant (talk | contribs) (→Ecology) |
||
| (47 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown) | |||
| Line 17: | Line 17: | ||
| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Acer rubrum'' from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=acru Plants Database]. | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Acer rubrum'' from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=acru Plants Database]. | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | Common names: eastern red maple, Carolina red maple, Drummond's maple, scarlet maple, soft maple, swamp maple, water maple<ref name= | + | Common names: eastern red maple, Carolina red maple, Drummond's maple, scarlet maple, soft maple, swamp maple, water maple<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref><ref name="USDA">USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 30 November 2017). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref><ref name="Nesom & Moore 2006">Nesom G. and Moore L. (2006). Plant Guide: Red Maple ''Acer rubrum'' L. Baton Rouge, LA: United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Materials Program.</ref> |
==Taxonomic Notes== | ==Taxonomic Notes== | ||
| − | + | Varieties: ''A. rubrum'' Linnaeus var. ''rubrum''; ''A. rubrum'' Linnaeus var. ''trilobum'' Torrey & A. Gray ex K. Koch.; ''A. rubrum'' L. var. ''drummondii'' Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt. Sarg.<ref name=weakley/><ref name="USDA"/><br> | |
| − | Synonyms: '' | + | Synonyms: '' Rufacer rubrum '' (Linnaeus); Rufacer |
| + | carolinianum (Walter).<ref name=weakley/> | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | + | ''A. rubrum'' is a deciduous perennial tree that can reach heights of 60 to 75 ft (18.3-22.9 m) with a spread of 25 to 35 feet (7.6-10.7 m). Unless growing next to a water source, individuals in the southern portion of its range tend to be shorter than northern individuals. Leaves are simple with lobed, incised, and serrated margins.<ref name="Gilman & Watson 1993"> Gilman E. F. and Watson D. G. (1993). ''Acer rubrum'' Red Maple. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: Fact Sheet ST-41.</ref> In cooler climates (e.g. Rhode Island), leaves tend to have more teeth and are more highly dissected than in warmer climates (e.g. Florida).<ref name="Royer et al 2009">Royer D. L., Meyerson L. A., Robertson K. M., and Adams J. M. (2009). Phenotypic plasticity of leaf shape along a temperature gradient in ''Acer rubrum.'' PLoS ONE 4(10):e7653</ref> The leaves have palmate venation and are arranged opposite or sub-opposite. During the spring and summer the leaves are green, but in the fall they change to orange, red, and yellow before falling from the tree. | |
| + | |||
| + | ''A. rubrum'' is classified as polygamodioecious, meaning the population is a mixture of dioecious (separate male and female trees), monoecious (separate male and female flowers on the same tree), and bisexual (flowers with both male and female organs on the same flower) individuals.<ref name="Primack & McCall 1986">Primack R. B. and McCall C. (1986). Gender variation in a red maple population (''Acer rubrum'': Aceraceae): A seven-year study of a "Polygamodioecious" species. American Journal of Botany 73(9):1239-1248.</ref> The flowers are red and produce an elongated red fruit of 1 to 3 in (2.5-7.6 cm) in length with a dry, hard covering.<ref name="Gilman & Watson 1993"/> Roots are primarily horizontal, being found in the upper 9.8 in (0.25 m) of soil.<ref name="Lyford & Wilson 1964">Lyford W. H. and Wilson B. F. (1964). Development of the root system of ''Acer rubrum'' L. Harvard Forest Paper, No. 10, Petersham, MA.</ref> | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | ''A. rubrum'' occurs | + | ''A. rubrum'' occurs throughout the eastern United states including parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota. This range includes the entirety of the southeastern United States Coastal Plain where all three variations of the the species are found. It can also be found in parts of Oregon and eastern Canada.<ref name="USDA"/> |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''A. rubrum'' has been observed in a variety of habitats including hardwood-cypress swamps | + | Within the Coastal Plain ''A. rubrum'' has been observed in a variety of habitats including hardwood-cypress swamps, swampy woodlands, hammocks, wooded ravines and slopes, along shorelines, floodplain forests, mesic woodlands, and beech-magnolia deciduous forests,<ref name= "herbarium"> Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: February 2019. Collectors: J. Allen, Loran C. Anderson, Leon Bates, S. Bennett, Max Brown, Kurt E. Blum, Stanley A. Cain, C. C. Christensen, R. F. Christensen, Michael Cousens, Kathy Craddock Burks, Sterling Clawson, M. Darst, Delzie Demaree, R. F. Doren, Wilbur H Duncan, Donna Marie Eggers, Patricia Elliot, Wm. H. Ellis, Angus Gholson, J. P. Gillespie, Robert K. Godfrey, Harry Heady, Mary G. Henry, Poltorak Hoffman, W. C. Holmes, Clarke Hudson, Mike Jenkins, S. B. Jones, S. B. Jones, Jr., Walter S. Judd, J. R. Kenemuth, A. C. Koelling, R. Komarek, Gary R. Knight, Robert Kral, H. Kurz, O. Lakela, S. W. Leonard, H. Light, S. J. Lombardo, Wayne D. Longbottom, Sidney McDaniel, Jay T. McMannes, J. Richard Moore, W. C. Muenscher, M. Nee, John B. Nelson, Kevin Oakes, John C. Ogden, P. L. Redfearn, Jr., L. L. Reese, William Reese, Dale Samler, Cecil R Slaughter, John W. Thieret, R. E. Torrey, J. N. Triplett, Jr., L. B. Trott, Daniel B. Ward, David Webb, R. L. Wilbur, and D. R. Windler. States and counties: Florida: Baker, Calhoun, Columbia, Dixie, Duval, Escambia, Flagler, Franklin, Gadsden, Hamilton, Hernando, Hillsborough, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Marion, Martin, Okaloosa, Orange, Osceola, Santa Rosa, St Johns, Suwannee, Taylor, Volusia, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Georgia: Brooks, Clarke, De Kalb, Grady, Oglethorpe, Rabun, Stephens, Thomas, and Upson. Alabama: Colbert, Houston, Jefferson, Limestone, Madison, and Monroe. Massachusetts: Hampshire and Norfolk. New Jersey: Burlington and Morris. South Carolina: Allendale and Newberry. Louisiana: Evangeline, St James, Union, and Vernon. Tennessee: Blount, Knox, and Sumner. New York: Orange and Yates. Virginia: Dickenson and Montgomery. North Carolina: Clay, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Madison, and Wake. Missouri: Douglas and Wayne. Mississippi: Forrest, Harrison, Jackson, and Marion. Arkansas: Newton and Washington. Maryland: Baltimore and Dorchester. Minnesota: St Louis. Michigan: Emmet. Pennsylvania: Clarion. Wisconsin: Richland. </ref> but is most abundant in bottomlands.<ref name="Nesom & Moore 2006"/> This tree is known to quickly become established in areas disturbed by fire, logging, and agriculture, and they are also tolerant of waterlogged soils and flooding, making it a "super-generalist" among those that grow on the widest variety of sites and in the greatest range of conditions in North America.<ref name="Nesom & Moore 2006"/> |
| + | |||
| + | Despite their ability to aggressively colonize disturbed, wet, and shady areas, ''A. rubrum'' is intolerent of frequent fires<ref name="Nesom & Moore 2006"/><ref name="Huddle & Pallardy 1999">Huddle J. A. and Pallardy S. G. (1999). Effect of fire on survival and growth of ''Acer rubrum'' and ''Quercus'' seedlings.</ref> and areas where saltwater inundation can occur,<ref name="Conner & Askew 1993">Conner W. H. and Askew G. R. (1993). Impact of saltwater flooding on red maple, redbay, and Chinese tallow seedlings. Castanea 58(3):214-219.</ref> and it was found to respond negatively to clearcutting and chopping in a flatwoods forest in northeast Florida.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. 1982. Vegetative response to clearcutting and chopping in a north Florida flatwoods forest. Journal of Range Management 35:214-218.</ref> Additionally, ''Acer rubrum'' has been found to be a decreaser in its short-term response to single mechanical soil disturbances.<ref name=Dixon>Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''Acer rubrum'' is frequent and abundant in the Calcareous Savannas community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| Line 39: | Line 46: | ||
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | Trees as young as 4 years can begin producing <ref name="Nesom & Moore 2006"/> double samara seeds (two connected winged fruits) which separate as they mature.<ref name="Harlow et al 1991">Harlow W. M., Harrar E. S., Hardin, J. A., and White F. M. (1991). Textbook of dendrology, 7th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.</ref> As the seed falls from the tree, the samara rotates producing lift and limiting the terminal velocity of the seed.<ref name="Green 1980">Green D. S. (1980). The terminal velocity and dispersal of spinning samaras. American Journal of Botany 67(8):1218-1224</ref> Distances seeds travel is highly correlated with wing loading potentials, a | + | Trees as young as 4 years can begin producing<ref name="Nesom & Moore 2006"/> double samara seeds (two connected winged fruits) which separate as they mature.<ref name="Harlow et al 1991">Harlow W. M., Harrar E. S., Hardin, J. A., and White F. M. (1991). Textbook of dendrology, 7th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.</ref> As the seed falls from the tree, the samara rotates producing lift and limiting the terminal velocity of the seed.<ref name="Green 1980">Green D. S. (1980). The terminal velocity and dispersal of spinning samaras. American Journal of Botany 67(8):1218-1224</ref> Distances seeds travel is highly correlated with wing loading potentials, a seed's initial height, and the velocity of the wind.<ref name="Green 1980"/><ref name="Peroni 1994">Peroni P. A. (1994). Seed size and dispersal potential of ''Acer rubrum'' (Aceraceae) samaras produced by populations in early and late successional environments. American Journal of Botany 81(11):1428-1434.</ref> |
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| Line 45: | Line 52: | ||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | The thin bark and lower rates of resprouting | + | The thin bark and lower rates of resprouting cause ''A. rubrum'' to be considered a fire intolerant species, although it typically resprouts following fire.<ref name="Nesom & Moore 2006"/><ref name="Huddle & Pallardy 1999"/> Although a single fire event can reduce seedling and sapling densities, it is quick to recolonize to pre-burn levels within four growing seasons via seedlings and resprouts.<ref name="Albrecht & McCarthy 2006">Albrecht M. A. and McCarthy B. C. (2006). Effects of prescribed fire and thinning on tree recruitment patterns in central hardwood forests. Forest Ecology and Management 226:88-103.</ref> Populations of ''Acer rubrum'' persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | Scorching is also common among ''A. rubrum'', especially during high wind and temperatures.<ref name="Gilman & Watson 1993"/> | ||
| − | ===Pollination=== | + | ===Pollination and insect hosting=== |
| − | '' | + | ''Acer rubrum'' is an important species for weakened overwintered pollinators such as honey bees. This is because ''A. rubrum'' blooms before most vernal plants and possesses masses of conspicuous, fragrant flowers abundant in nectar and pollen. Common pollinators include species from Tenthredinidae (sawflies), Braconidae (parasitoid wasps), Colletidae (plasterer bees), Andrenidae (solitary ground-nesting bees), Halictidae (sweat bees), Megachilidae (mason and leafcutter bees), Apidae (bumblebees, honey bees, carpenter bees, orchid bees, cuckoo bees), Vespidae (eusocial wasps and many solitary wasps), Calliphoridae (blow flies), Scathophagidae (dung flies), Syrphidae (hoverflies), Tachinidae (true flies), and Coccinellidae (ladybugs).<ref name="Batra 1985">Batra S. W. T. (1985). ''A. rubrum'' is an important early spring food resource for honey bees and other insects. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 58(1):169-172.</ref>.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> |
| − | === | + | ===Herbivory and toxicology=== |
| − | Seeds of | + | Seeds of ''A. rubrum'' are consumed by many different species of squirrels, birds, and other mammals.<ref name="Gilman & Watson 1993"/> Depredation of seeds tend to increase with the age of old field habitat and is higher in woody habitats compared to herbaceous habitats.<ref name="Myster & Pickett 1993">Myster R. W. and Pickett S. T. A. (1993). Effects of litter, distance, density and vegetation patch type on postdispersal tree seed predation in old fields</ref> |
| − | + | ||
| + | ''A. rubrum'' can also influence ecological interactions of newts and frogs through the effects of its leaf litter on water quality.<ref name="Stoler & Relyea 2013">Stoler A. B. and Relyea R. A. (2013). Bottom-up meets top-down: leaf litter inputs influence predator-prey interactions in wetlands. Oecologia 173(1):249-257</ref> | ||
===Diseases and parasites=== | ===Diseases and parasites=== | ||
| − | ''A. rubrum'' is | + | ''A. rubrum'' is susceptible to a variety of parasites and diseases. Leaf stalk borers and petiole-borers will bore into the leaf stalk, just below the leaf blade, causing the leaf stalk to shrivel, turn black, and the leaf blade to fall off. Gall mites stimulate round growths/galls to form on leaves which can range in color, including green, red, and black. While galls are not considered serious, they can reach numbers great enough to cause individual leaves to curl up. Anthracnose can cause light brown or tan areas on leaves, but is more common during rainy seasons.<ref name="Gilman & Watson 1993"/> |
| + | |||
| + | ==Conservation, cultivation and restoration== | ||
| + | Cultivars include 'Armstrong', 'Autumn Flame', 'Bowhall', 'Gerling', 'October Glory', 'Red Sunset', 'Scanlon', 'Schlesinger', and 'Tilford'. These cultivars range in fall leaves color, overall tree height, and regional adaptations. A hybrid cross between Red and Silver Maple named Hybrid Maple is available (''Acer'' x ''fremanii'') with cultivars including 'Armstrong', 'Autumn Blaze', 'Celebration', 'Celzam', and 'Scarlet Sentenial'.<ref name= "Gilman & Watson 1993"/> | ||
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
| + | Maples have long been an excellent source of sugar, sap, and syrup. This particular species does not produce the highest yields, but is still a useful source of these sweet products. Sugaring used to be an event in the spring in early America. People would go out and collect the sweet resources from the maple trees for use as treats, syrup, and sugar.<ref name=Fernald> Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.</ref> | ||
| − | + | Native Americans would use the bark to make bread flour, and the Kalmyk people would harvest and cook the seeds to eat.<ref name=Fernald/> | |
| − | |||
| − | ==Photo | + | ==Photo gallery== |
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 13:12, 10 July 2024
| Acer rubrum | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicots |
| Order: | Sapindales |
| Family: | Aceraceae |
| Genus: | Acer |
| Species: | A. rubrum |
| Binomial name | |
| Acer rubrum L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Acer rubrum from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: eastern red maple, Carolina red maple, Drummond's maple, scarlet maple, soft maple, swamp maple, water maple[1][2][3]
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Varieties: A. rubrum Linnaeus var. rubrum; A. rubrum Linnaeus var. trilobum Torrey & A. Gray ex K. Koch.; A. rubrum L. var. drummondii Hook. & Arn. ex Nutt. Sarg.[1][2]
Synonyms: Rufacer rubrum (Linnaeus); Rufacer
carolinianum (Walter).[1]
Description
A. rubrum is a deciduous perennial tree that can reach heights of 60 to 75 ft (18.3-22.9 m) with a spread of 25 to 35 feet (7.6-10.7 m). Unless growing next to a water source, individuals in the southern portion of its range tend to be shorter than northern individuals. Leaves are simple with lobed, incised, and serrated margins.[4] In cooler climates (e.g. Rhode Island), leaves tend to have more teeth and are more highly dissected than in warmer climates (e.g. Florida).[5] The leaves have palmate venation and are arranged opposite or sub-opposite. During the spring and summer the leaves are green, but in the fall they change to orange, red, and yellow before falling from the tree.
A. rubrum is classified as polygamodioecious, meaning the population is a mixture of dioecious (separate male and female trees), monoecious (separate male and female flowers on the same tree), and bisexual (flowers with both male and female organs on the same flower) individuals.[6] The flowers are red and produce an elongated red fruit of 1 to 3 in (2.5-7.6 cm) in length with a dry, hard covering.[4] Roots are primarily horizontal, being found in the upper 9.8 in (0.25 m) of soil.[7]
Distribution
A. rubrum occurs throughout the eastern United states including parts of Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Iowa, and Minnesota. This range includes the entirety of the southeastern United States Coastal Plain where all three variations of the the species are found. It can also be found in parts of Oregon and eastern Canada.[2]
Ecology
Habitat
Within the Coastal Plain A. rubrum has been observed in a variety of habitats including hardwood-cypress swamps, swampy woodlands, hammocks, wooded ravines and slopes, along shorelines, floodplain forests, mesic woodlands, and beech-magnolia deciduous forests,[8] but is most abundant in bottomlands.[3] This tree is known to quickly become established in areas disturbed by fire, logging, and agriculture, and they are also tolerant of waterlogged soils and flooding, making it a "super-generalist" among those that grow on the widest variety of sites and in the greatest range of conditions in North America.[3]
Despite their ability to aggressively colonize disturbed, wet, and shady areas, A. rubrum is intolerent of frequent fires[3][9] and areas where saltwater inundation can occur,[10] and it was found to respond negatively to clearcutting and chopping in a flatwoods forest in northeast Florida.[11] Additionally, Acer rubrum has been found to be a decreaser in its short-term response to single mechanical soil disturbances.[12]
Acer rubrum is frequent and abundant in the Calcareous Savannas community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[13]
Phenology
A. rubrum has been observed to flower between January and April[3][14] with fruiting occurring between April and June.[3]
Seed dispersal
Trees as young as 4 years can begin producing[3] double samara seeds (two connected winged fruits) which separate as they mature.[15] As the seed falls from the tree, the samara rotates producing lift and limiting the terminal velocity of the seed.[16] Distances seeds travel is highly correlated with wing loading potentials, a seed's initial height, and the velocity of the wind.[16][17]
Seed bank and germination
95% of viable seeds germinate within 10 days of dispersal allowing A. rubrum seedlings to establish themselves 3-4 months before other associated woody species.[3]
Fire ecology
The thin bark and lower rates of resprouting cause A. rubrum to be considered a fire intolerant species, although it typically resprouts following fire.[3][9] Although a single fire event can reduce seedling and sapling densities, it is quick to recolonize to pre-burn levels within four growing seasons via seedlings and resprouts.[18] Populations of Acer rubrum persist through repeated annual burns.[19]
Scorching is also common among A. rubrum, especially during high wind and temperatures.[4]
Pollination and insect hosting
Acer rubrum is an important species for weakened overwintered pollinators such as honey bees. This is because A. rubrum blooms before most vernal plants and possesses masses of conspicuous, fragrant flowers abundant in nectar and pollen. Common pollinators include species from Tenthredinidae (sawflies), Braconidae (parasitoid wasps), Colletidae (plasterer bees), Andrenidae (solitary ground-nesting bees), Halictidae (sweat bees), Megachilidae (mason and leafcutter bees), Apidae (bumblebees, honey bees, carpenter bees, orchid bees, cuckoo bees), Vespidae (eusocial wasps and many solitary wasps), Calliphoridae (blow flies), Scathophagidae (dung flies), Syrphidae (hoverflies), Tachinidae (true flies), and Coccinellidae (ladybugs).[20].[21]
Herbivory and toxicology
Seeds of A. rubrum are consumed by many different species of squirrels, birds, and other mammals.[4] Depredation of seeds tend to increase with the age of old field habitat and is higher in woody habitats compared to herbaceous habitats.[22]
A. rubrum can also influence ecological interactions of newts and frogs through the effects of its leaf litter on water quality.[23]
Diseases and parasites
A. rubrum is susceptible to a variety of parasites and diseases. Leaf stalk borers and petiole-borers will bore into the leaf stalk, just below the leaf blade, causing the leaf stalk to shrivel, turn black, and the leaf blade to fall off. Gall mites stimulate round growths/galls to form on leaves which can range in color, including green, red, and black. While galls are not considered serious, they can reach numbers great enough to cause individual leaves to curl up. Anthracnose can cause light brown or tan areas on leaves, but is more common during rainy seasons.[4]
Conservation, cultivation and restoration
Cultivars include 'Armstrong', 'Autumn Flame', 'Bowhall', 'Gerling', 'October Glory', 'Red Sunset', 'Scanlon', 'Schlesinger', and 'Tilford'. These cultivars range in fall leaves color, overall tree height, and regional adaptations. A hybrid cross between Red and Silver Maple named Hybrid Maple is available (Acer x fremanii) with cultivars including 'Armstrong', 'Autumn Blaze', 'Celebration', 'Celzam', and 'Scarlet Sentenial'.[4]
Cultural use
Maples have long been an excellent source of sugar, sap, and syrup. This particular species does not produce the highest yields, but is still a useful source of these sweet products. Sugaring used to be an event in the spring in early America. People would go out and collect the sweet resources from the maple trees for use as treats, syrup, and sugar.[24]
Native Americans would use the bark to make bread flour, and the Kalmyk people would harvest and cook the seeds to eat.[24]
Photo gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 USDA, NRCS. (2016). The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 30 November 2017). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 Nesom G. and Moore L. (2006). Plant Guide: Red Maple Acer rubrum L. Baton Rouge, LA: United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Plant Materials Program.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Gilman E. F. and Watson D. G. (1993). Acer rubrum Red Maple. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service: Fact Sheet ST-41.
- ↑ Royer D. L., Meyerson L. A., Robertson K. M., and Adams J. M. (2009). Phenotypic plasticity of leaf shape along a temperature gradient in Acer rubrum. PLoS ONE 4(10):e7653
- ↑ Primack R. B. and McCall C. (1986). Gender variation in a red maple population (Acer rubrum: Aceraceae): A seven-year study of a "Polygamodioecious" species. American Journal of Botany 73(9):1239-1248.
- ↑ Lyford W. H. and Wilson B. F. (1964). Development of the root system of Acer rubrum L. Harvard Forest Paper, No. 10, Petersham, MA.
- ↑ Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: February 2019. Collectors: J. Allen, Loran C. Anderson, Leon Bates, S. Bennett, Max Brown, Kurt E. Blum, Stanley A. Cain, C. C. Christensen, R. F. Christensen, Michael Cousens, Kathy Craddock Burks, Sterling Clawson, M. Darst, Delzie Demaree, R. F. Doren, Wilbur H Duncan, Donna Marie Eggers, Patricia Elliot, Wm. H. Ellis, Angus Gholson, J. P. Gillespie, Robert K. Godfrey, Harry Heady, Mary G. Henry, Poltorak Hoffman, W. C. Holmes, Clarke Hudson, Mike Jenkins, S. B. Jones, S. B. Jones, Jr., Walter S. Judd, J. R. Kenemuth, A. C. Koelling, R. Komarek, Gary R. Knight, Robert Kral, H. Kurz, O. Lakela, S. W. Leonard, H. Light, S. J. Lombardo, Wayne D. Longbottom, Sidney McDaniel, Jay T. McMannes, J. Richard Moore, W. C. Muenscher, M. Nee, John B. Nelson, Kevin Oakes, John C. Ogden, P. L. Redfearn, Jr., L. L. Reese, William Reese, Dale Samler, Cecil R Slaughter, John W. Thieret, R. E. Torrey, J. N. Triplett, Jr., L. B. Trott, Daniel B. Ward, David Webb, R. L. Wilbur, and D. R. Windler. States and counties: Florida: Baker, Calhoun, Columbia, Dixie, Duval, Escambia, Flagler, Franklin, Gadsden, Hamilton, Hernando, Hillsborough, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Marion, Martin, Okaloosa, Orange, Osceola, Santa Rosa, St Johns, Suwannee, Taylor, Volusia, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Georgia: Brooks, Clarke, De Kalb, Grady, Oglethorpe, Rabun, Stephens, Thomas, and Upson. Alabama: Colbert, Houston, Jefferson, Limestone, Madison, and Monroe. Massachusetts: Hampshire and Norfolk. New Jersey: Burlington and Morris. South Carolina: Allendale and Newberry. Louisiana: Evangeline, St James, Union, and Vernon. Tennessee: Blount, Knox, and Sumner. New York: Orange and Yates. Virginia: Dickenson and Montgomery. North Carolina: Clay, Haywood, Jackson, Macon, Madison, and Wake. Missouri: Douglas and Wayne. Mississippi: Forrest, Harrison, Jackson, and Marion. Arkansas: Newton and Washington. Maryland: Baltimore and Dorchester. Minnesota: St Louis. Michigan: Emmet. Pennsylvania: Clarion. Wisconsin: Richland.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Huddle J. A. and Pallardy S. G. (1999). Effect of fire on survival and growth of Acer rubrum and Quercus seedlings.
- ↑ Conner W. H. and Askew G. R. (1993). Impact of saltwater flooding on red maple, redbay, and Chinese tallow seedlings. Castanea 58(3):214-219.
- ↑ Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. 1982. Vegetative response to clearcutting and chopping in a north Florida flatwoods forest. Journal of Range Management 35:214-218.
- ↑ Dixon, C. M., K. M. Robertson, A. M. Reid and M. T. Rother. 2024. Mechanical soil disturbance in a pine savanna has multiyear effects on plant species composition. Ecosphere 15(2):e4759.
- ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 5 DEC 2017
- ↑ Harlow W. M., Harrar E. S., Hardin, J. A., and White F. M. (1991). Textbook of dendrology, 7th ed. McGraw-Hill, New York, NY.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Green D. S. (1980). The terminal velocity and dispersal of spinning samaras. American Journal of Botany 67(8):1218-1224
- ↑ Peroni P. A. (1994). Seed size and dispersal potential of Acer rubrum (Aceraceae) samaras produced by populations in early and late successional environments. American Journal of Botany 81(11):1428-1434.
- ↑ Albrecht M. A. and McCarthy B. C. (2006). Effects of prescribed fire and thinning on tree recruitment patterns in central hardwood forests. Forest Ecology and Management 226:88-103.
- ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Batra S. W. T. (1985). A. rubrum is an important early spring food resource for honey bees and other insects. Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 58(1):169-172.
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
- ↑ Myster R. W. and Pickett S. T. A. (1993). Effects of litter, distance, density and vegetation patch type on postdispersal tree seed predation in old fields
- ↑ Stoler A. B. and Relyea R. A. (2013). Bottom-up meets top-down: leaf litter inputs influence predator-prey interactions in wetlands. Oecologia 173(1):249-257
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
