Difference between revisions of "Pteridium aquilinum"

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Common names: Brakenfern
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Common names: brackenfern, lacy bracken, tropical bracken, tailed bracken, eastern bracken, southern bracken<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
 
==Taxonomic notes==
 
==Taxonomic notes==
 +
Synonyms: ''Pteridium latiusculum'' (Desvaux) Hieronymus; ''Pteridium caudatum'' (Linnaus) Maxon; ''Pteris caudata'' Linnaeus; ''Pteridium aquilinum'' (Linnaeus) Kuhn var. ''caudatum'' (Linnaeus) Sadebeck; ''Pteridium aquilinum'' (Linnaeus) Kuhn ssp. ''latiusculum'' (Desvaux) Hultén;  ''Pteris latiuscula'' Desvaux var.''latiuscula''; ''Pteridium pseudocaudatum'' (Clute) Christenhusz; ''Pteridium aquilinum'' (Linnaeus) Kuhn  ssp. ''pseudocaudatum'' (Clute) Hultén; ''Pteridium aquilinum'' (Linnaeus) Kuhn  ssp. ''pseudocaudatum'' (Clute) Heller; ''Pteris latiuscula'' Desvaux var. ''pseudocaudata'' (Clute) Maxon<ref name=weakley/>
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Varieties: None<ref name=weakley/>
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==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
A description of ''Pteridium aquilinum'' is provided in [http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200003325 The Flora of North America].
 
A description of ''Pteridium aquilinum'' is provided in [http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=200003325 The Flora of North America].
 +
 +
''Pteridium aquilinum'' does not have specialized underground storage units apart from its rhizomes.<ref name="Diaz"> Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.</ref> Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have an non-structural carbohydrate concentration of 321.5 mg/g (ranking 13 out of 100 species studied) and water content of 41.7% (ranking 54 out of 100 species studied).<ref name="Diaz"/>
 +
 +
According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), ''Pteridium aquilinum'' has rhizomes with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 2.09 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 321.5 mg g<sup>-1</sup>.<ref>Diaz‐Toribio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire‐maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.</ref>
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
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''Pteridium aquilinum'' is restricted to native groundcover with a statistical affinity in upland pinelands of South Georgia. <ref name=oster> Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems. </ref>
 
  
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<!-- ===Phenology===--> <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
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''P. aquilinum'' has been found in forested swamps, slash pine forests, limerock, and pinelands.<ref name="FSU"/> It is also found in disturbed areas such as powerline corridors.<ref name="FSU"> Florida State University Herbarium Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Robert K. Godfrey, Richard S. Mitchell, Katelin D. Pearson. States and counties: Florida: Collier, Dade, Monroe. Oregon: Multnomah.</ref> Associated species: ''Gaultheria shallon, Rubus, parviflorus, Cirsium canadense, Hypericum perfoliatum, Achillea millefolium, Anaphalis margaritacea, Leucanthemum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Hypochaeris radicata'', and ''Juncus''.<ref name="FSU"/>
 +
 
 +
''Pteridium aquilinum'' is restricted to native groundcover with a statistical affinity in upland pinelands of South Georgia.<ref name=oster> Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems. </ref>
 +
 
 +
''P. aquilinum'' reduced its occurrence in response to agricultural soil disturbance in South Carolinian old growth longleaf forests.<ref>Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.</ref> It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished longleaf habitat that was disturbed by agricultural practices, making it a remnant woodland indicator species.<ref>Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.</ref> It became absent in response to soil disturbance by military training in west Georgia longleaf pine forests.<ref>Dale, V.H., S.C. Beyeler, and B. Jackson. (2002). Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. Ecological Indicators 1(3):155-170.</ref> This species also became absent or decreased its occurrence in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in southwest Georgia.<ref>Hedman, C.W., S.L. Grace, and S.E. King. (2000). Vegetation composition and structure of southern coastal plain pine forests: an ecological comparison. Forest Ecology and Management 134:233-247.</ref><ref>Kirkman, L.K., K.L. Coffey, R.J. Mitchell, and E.B. Moser. Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna. (2004). Journal of Ecology 92(3):409-421.</ref><ref name=oster/> It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished native habitats that were disturbed by these practices.
 +
 
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This species had a mixed response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and roller chopping in north Florida. Foliar cover was often dependent on time since disturbance.<ref>Lewis, C.E., G.W. Tanner, and W.S. Terry. (1988). Plant responses to pine management and deferred-rotation grazing in north Florida. Journal of Range Management 41(6):460-465.</ref>
 +
 
 +
''P. aquilinum'' increased its biomass in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in north Florida flatwoods forests. It has shown regrowth in reestablished flatwoods that were disturbed by these practices.<ref>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref>
 +
<!--===Phenology===--> <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 +
 
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''Pteridium aquilinum'' is frequent and abundant in the North Florida Longleaf Woodlands, Clayhill Longleaf Woodlands, Panhandle Silty Longleaf Woodlands, and Upper Panhandle Savannas community types as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref>
 +
 
 
===Seed dispersal===
 
===Seed dispersal===
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This species disperses by wind.<ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref>   
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This species is thought to be dispersed by wind.<ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref>   
 
<!-- ===Seed bank and germination===-->
 
<!-- ===Seed bank and germination===-->
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<!-- ===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
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===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
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Populations of ''Pteridium aquilinum'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref>
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<!--===Pollination===-->
 
<!--===Pollination===-->
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<!-- ===Use by animals===--> <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
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===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Common herbivores, granivory, insect hosting, poisonous chemicals, allelopathy, etc-->
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''Pteridium aquilinum'' has been observed to host leafhoppers such as ''Colladonus sp.'' (family Cicadellidae).<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref>  
 
<!-- ===Diseases and parasites===-->
 
<!-- ===Diseases and parasites===-->
  
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==Conservation and management==
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
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 +
==Cultural use==
 +
Native Americans would use this plant to treat urinary problems, stomach cramps, and mastitis. The plant could also be used to treat intestinal worms and diarrhea.<ref> Korchmal, Arnold & Connie. 1973. A Guide to the Medicinal Plants of the United States. The New York Times Book Company, New York.</ref>
 +
The young fresh shoots of the plant can be cooked as a green, and uncooked stalks have a juice that can be used as a relish or chewed on like gum. In New Zealand and Japan it is very commonly used in dishes, but is not as common in the United States.<ref> Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.</ref>
  
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==Cultivation and restoration==
 
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
<gallery widths=180px>

Latest revision as of 09:27, 3 July 2024

Pteridium aquilinum
Pteridium aquilinum.jpg
Photo by Kevin Robertson
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Tracheophyta- Vascular plants
Class: Polypodiopsida - Leptosporangiate ferns
Order: Polypodiales
Family: Dennstaedtiaceae
Genus: Pteridium
Species: P. aquilinum
Binomial name
Pteridium aquilinum
(L.) Kuhn
Pter aqui dist.jpg
Natural range of Pteridium aquilinum from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common names: brackenfern, lacy bracken, tropical bracken, tailed bracken, eastern bracken, southern bracken[1]

Taxonomic notes

Synonyms: Pteridium latiusculum (Desvaux) Hieronymus; Pteridium caudatum (Linnaus) Maxon; Pteris caudata Linnaeus; Pteridium aquilinum (Linnaeus) Kuhn var. caudatum (Linnaeus) Sadebeck; Pteridium aquilinum (Linnaeus) Kuhn ssp. latiusculum (Desvaux) Hultén; Pteris latiuscula Desvaux var.latiuscula; Pteridium pseudocaudatum (Clute) Christenhusz; Pteridium aquilinum (Linnaeus) Kuhn ssp. pseudocaudatum (Clute) Hultén; Pteridium aquilinum (Linnaeus) Kuhn ssp. pseudocaudatum (Clute) Heller; Pteris latiuscula Desvaux var. pseudocaudata (Clute) Maxon[1]

Varieties: None[1]

Description

A description of Pteridium aquilinum is provided in The Flora of North America.

Pteridium aquilinum does not have specialized underground storage units apart from its rhizomes.[2] Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have an non-structural carbohydrate concentration of 321.5 mg/g (ranking 13 out of 100 species studied) and water content of 41.7% (ranking 54 out of 100 species studied).[2]

According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), Pteridium aquilinum has rhizomes with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 2.09 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 321.5 mg g-1.[3]

Distribution

Ecology

Habitat

P. aquilinum has been found in forested swamps, slash pine forests, limerock, and pinelands.[4] It is also found in disturbed areas such as powerline corridors.[4] Associated species: Gaultheria shallon, Rubus, parviflorus, Cirsium canadense, Hypericum perfoliatum, Achillea millefolium, Anaphalis margaritacea, Leucanthemum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Hypochaeris radicata, and Juncus.[4]

Pteridium aquilinum is restricted to native groundcover with a statistical affinity in upland pinelands of South Georgia.[5]

P. aquilinum reduced its occurrence in response to agricultural soil disturbance in South Carolinian old growth longleaf forests.[6] It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished longleaf habitat that was disturbed by agricultural practices, making it a remnant woodland indicator species.[7] It became absent in response to soil disturbance by military training in west Georgia longleaf pine forests.[8] This species also became absent or decreased its occurrence in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in southwest Georgia.[9][10][5] It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished native habitats that were disturbed by these practices.

This species had a mixed response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and roller chopping in north Florida. Foliar cover was often dependent on time since disturbance.[11]

P. aquilinum increased its biomass in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in north Florida flatwoods forests. It has shown regrowth in reestablished flatwoods that were disturbed by these practices.[12]

Pteridium aquilinum is frequent and abundant in the North Florida Longleaf Woodlands, Clayhill Longleaf Woodlands, Panhandle Silty Longleaf Woodlands, and Upper Panhandle Savannas community types as described in Carr et al. (2010).[13]

Seed dispersal

This species is thought to be dispersed by wind.[14]

Fire ecology

Populations of Pteridium aquilinum have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.[15]

Herbivory and toxicology

Pteridium aquilinum has been observed to host leafhoppers such as Colladonus sp. (family Cicadellidae).[16]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

Cultural use

Native Americans would use this plant to treat urinary problems, stomach cramps, and mastitis. The plant could also be used to treat intestinal worms and diarrhea.[17] The young fresh shoots of the plant can be cooked as a green, and uncooked stalks have a juice that can be used as a relish or chewed on like gum. In New Zealand and Japan it is very commonly used in dishes, but is not as common in the United States.[18]

Photo Gallery

  • Pteridium aquilinum root

    Photo by Kevin Robertson

    Pebble Hill Plantation

    2015

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.
  3. ↑ Diaz‐Toribio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire‐maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Florida State University Herbarium Database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Robert K. Godfrey, Richard S. Mitchell, Katelin D. Pearson. States and counties: Florida: Collier, Dade, Monroe. Oregon: Multnomah.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.
  6. ↑ Brudvig, L.A. and E.I. Damchen. (2011). Land-use history, historical connectivity, and land management interact to determine longleaf pine woodland understory richness and composition. Ecography 34: 257-266.
  7. ↑ Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.
  8. ↑ Dale, V.H., S.C. Beyeler, and B. Jackson. (2002). Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. Ecological Indicators 1(3):155-170.
  9. ↑ Hedman, C.W., S.L. Grace, and S.E. King. (2000). Vegetation composition and structure of southern coastal plain pine forests: an ecological comparison. Forest Ecology and Management 134:233-247.
  10. ↑ Kirkman, L.K., K.L. Coffey, R.J. Mitchell, and E.B. Moser. Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna. (2004). Journal of Ecology 92(3):409-421.
  11. ↑ Lewis, C.E., G.W. Tanner, and W.S. Terry. (1988). Plant responses to pine management and deferred-rotation grazing in north Florida. Journal of Range Management 41(6):460-465.
  12. ↑ Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.
  13. ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
  14. ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
  15. ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
  16. ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
  17. ↑ Korchmal, Arnold & Connie. 1973. A Guide to the Medicinal Plants of the United States. The New York Times Book Company, New York.
  18. ↑ Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
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