Difference between revisions of "Mimosa quadrivalvis"
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| − | Common name: | + | Common name: Florida sensitive-briar<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| − | Synonyms: ''Leptoglottis | + | Synonyms: ''Mimosa Floridana'' (Chapman) Weakley & Flores-Cruz; ''Leptoglottis floridana'' (Chapman) Small ex Britton & Rose; ''Mimosa quadrivalvis'' Linnaeus var. ''floridana'' (Chapman) Barneby; ''Schrankia microphylla'' (Dryander) J.F. MacBride var. ''floridana'' (Chapman) Isely<ref name=weakley/> |
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: none<ref name=weakley/> | ||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| + | ''Mimosa quadrivalvis'' is an armed sprawling vine with 3-5 pinnae pairs per leaf and leaflets with evident secondary veins.<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| − | This species is frequent where it is found and has a sprawling behavior | + | This species is frequent where it is found and has a sprawling behavior.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Edwin L. Tyson, J. Dwyer, Kurt Blum, Robert L. Lazor, Loran C. Anderson, J, Craddock Burks, Grady W. Reinert, R.C. Phillips, Gary R. Knight, Norlan C. Henderson, R. Kral, A.F. Clewell, Robert K. Godfrey, William Reese, Paul Redfearn, J.P. Gillespie, Nancy Caswell, Richard S. Mitchell, Patricia Elliot, Gwynn W. Ramsey, D. B. Ward, S. S. Ward, D.S. Correll, Robert J. Lemaire, L.S. Beard, R.O. Vail, W.B. Fox, Edward E. Terrell, S.B. Jones, Sidney McDaniel, V.L. Cory, Brunelle Moon, Cecil R. Slaughter, Robert R. Simons, Angus Gholson, Walter S. Judd, Bob Simons, Tom Morris, William Lindsey, Elmer C. Prichard, L.J. Brass, O. Lakela, John W. Thieret, Gerardo Garcia, Anastacio Bernal, Natalio Castillo, Guillermo Perez, Nick Lopez, W. L. McCart, D. S. Correll, I. M. Johnston, Duane Isely, F. L. Lewton, H. R. Reed, L. S. Beard, and R O Vail. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Citrus, Duval, Franklin, Gadsden, Highlands, Indian River, Jackson, Lake, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Marion, Nassau, Osceola, Pinellas, Polk, Suwannee, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Volusia. Georgia: Seminole, and Thomas. Arkansas: Clark and Washington. North Carolina: Robeson and Rockingham. Alabama: Pickens and Sumter. Louisiana: Acadia. Texas: Andrews,Aransas, Callahan, Comal, Dallas, Denton, Dimmit, Ft. McKanepp, Haskell, Leon, Sutton, Taylor, Van Zandt, and Zapata. Kansas: Franklin. Missouri: Bates and Greene. Countries: Panama.</ref> It is a vining plant that creeps and crawls as well.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> |
| + | |||
| + | The root system of ''Mimosa quadrivalvis'' includes stem tubers which store non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) important for both resprouting following fire and persisting during long periods of fire exclusion.<ref name="Diaz"> Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.</ref> Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have an NSC concentration of 80.4mg/g (ranking 57 out of 100 species studied) and water content of 73.5% (ranking 89 out of 100 species studied).<ref name = "Diaz"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), ''Mimosa quadrivalvis'' has stem tubers with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 12.77 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 80.4 mg g<sup>-1</sup>.<ref>Diaz‐Toribio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire‐maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.</ref> | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| + | This species is a southeastern Coastal Plain endemic, ranging from Georgia to Florida.<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
In a study comparing N2 fixation potential in nine legume species occurring in longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystems, ''M. quadrivalvis'' showed clear superiority in growing a large nodule mass to support the high N2 fixation activity.<ref name=cat>Cathey, S. E., L. R. Boring, et al. (2010). "Assessment of N2 fixation capability of native legumes from the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem." Environmental and Experimental Botany 67: 444-450.</ref> Aboveground N concentration was the greatest for ''M. quadrivalis'' species.<ref name=cat/> N2 fixation potential for ''M. quadrivalvis'' does not differ between shaded and unshaded environments.<ref name=cat/> The high potential for N2 fixation makes ''M. quadrivalvis'' a candidate species for contributing to the N economy in the restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems.<ref name=cat/> | In a study comparing N2 fixation potential in nine legume species occurring in longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystems, ''M. quadrivalvis'' showed clear superiority in growing a large nodule mass to support the high N2 fixation activity.<ref name=cat>Cathey, S. E., L. R. Boring, et al. (2010). "Assessment of N2 fixation capability of native legumes from the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem." Environmental and Experimental Botany 67: 444-450.</ref> Aboveground N concentration was the greatest for ''M. quadrivalis'' species.<ref name=cat/> N2 fixation potential for ''M. quadrivalvis'' does not differ between shaded and unshaded environments.<ref name=cat/> The high potential for N2 fixation makes ''M. quadrivalvis'' a candidate species for contributing to the N economy in the restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems.<ref name=cat/> | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | This species has been found in open pinewoods, oak-scrub woodlands, prairies, limestone glades, deciduous forests, turkey oak-pinelands, savannas, well drained ridges, ungrazed native grasslands, arroyos, and bare chalk areas | + | This species has been found in open pinewoods, oak-scrub woodlands, prairies, limestone glades, deciduous forests, turkey oak-pinelands, savannas, well drained ridges, ungrazed native grasslands, arroyos, and bare chalk areas.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> It is commonly found in pine sandhill environments.<ref name=dow> Downer, M. R. (2012). Plant species richness and species area relationships in a Florida sandhill community. Integrative Biology. Ann Arbor, MI, University of South Florida. M.S.: 52.</ref> Occurs in areas that have sandy loam, peat, gravel, and/or clay loam that is dry, loose, or moist.<ref name=mil>Miller, J. H., R. S. Boyd, et al. (1999). "Floristic diversity, stand structure, and composition 11 years after herbicide site preparation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29: 1073-1083.</ref><ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> ''Mimosa quadrivalvis'' is predominately in native groundcover with a statistical affinity in upland pinelands of South Georgia.<ref name=ost> Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.</ref> This species can be found growing in open to semi-shaded areas.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> |
| + | |||
| + | ''M. quadrivalvis'' has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished woodlands that were disturbed by agriculture in South Carolina coastal plain communities, making it an indicator species for remnant woodland.<ref>Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.</ref> It exhibited its highest density in response to disking in Southern Georgia, especially in double-disked plots. The species has shown regrowth in reestablished habitat that was disturbed by disking.<ref>Buckner, J.L. and J.L. Landers. (1979). Fire and Disking Effects on Herbaceous Food Plants and Seed Supplies. The Journal of Wildlife Management 43(3):807-811.</ref> It became absent in response to soil disturbance by military training in west Georgia. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished pine forests that were disturbed by this activity.<ref>Dale, V.H., S.C. Beyeler, and B. Jackson. (2002). Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. Ecological Indicators 1(3):155-170.</ref> ''M. quadrivalvis'' decreased its occurrence and became absent in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in southwest Georgia. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished pinelands that were disturbed by agricultural practices.<ref name=kirkman>Kirkman, L.K., K.L. Coffey, R.J. Mitchell, and E.B. Moser. Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna. (2004). Journal of Ecology 92(3):409-421.</ref><ref name=ost/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Associated species include ''Pinus palutris, Quercus laevis, Muhlenbergia, Aristida longespica, A. oligantha, Juniperus, Chamaecyparis, Sabal, Magnolia, Acer, Illicium, Salix, Asclepias curtissii, Palafoxia, Paroncyhia, Quercus myrtifolia, Q. geminata,'' and ''Serenoa repens''.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | This species has been observed | + | This species has been observed to flower in February as well as from April through September, with peak inflorescence in May.<ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 19 MAY 2021</ref> Fruiting has been observed from April through September.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | + | This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.<ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref><ref name=maz> Maza-Villalobos, S., C. Lemus-Herrera, et al. (2011). "Successional trends in soil seed banks of abandoned pastures of a Neotropical dry region." Journal of Tropical Ecology 27: 35-49.</ref> | |
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| + | Seed coats are hard and viable seed can persist in the seed bank for at least two years.<ref> Coffey, K. L. and L. K. Kirkman (2006). "Seed germination strategies of species with restoration potential in a fire-maintained pine savanna." Natural Areas Journal 26: 289-299.</ref> | ||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | This species has been found in areas that are burned | + | This species has been found in areas that are burned,<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> and populations of ''Mimosa quadrivalvis'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref><ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> |
===Pollination=== | ===Pollination=== | ||
| − | + | ''Mimosa quadrivalvis'' has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host plasterer bees such as ''Colletes distinctus'' (family Colletidae), thread-waisted wasps such as ''Prionyx thomae'' (family Sphecidae), and sweat bees from the family Halictidae such as ''Agapostemon splendens, Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis metallica, A. sumptuosa, Lasioglossum miniatulus, L. nymphalis,'' and ''L. placidensis''<ref name="Deyrup 2015">Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.</ref>. Deyrup observed ''M. quadrivalvis'' being visited by''Agapostemon splendens'', ''Augochlorella aurata'', ''Augochloropsis sumptuosa'', ''Dialictus miniatulus'', ''D. placidensis'', and ''Anthidiellum perplexum.''<ref name=dey> Deyrup, M. J. E., and Beth Norden (2002). "The diversity and floral hosts of bees at the Archbold Biological Station, Florida (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." Insecta mundi 16(1-3).</ref> | |
| − | + | ===Herbivory and toxicology=== | |
| − | + | The seeds are sparingly consumed by bobwhite quail and songbirds, and the leaves are commonly consumed by gopher tortoises.<ref>Denhof, Carol. 2013. Understory Plant Spotlight Sensitive Briar Mimosa quadrivalvis var. augustata (Torr. & A. Gray) Barneby. The Longleaf Leader. Vol. VI. Iss. 1. Page 12</ref> | |
| − | + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | |
| − | Halictidae | ||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | = | ||
| − | Deyrup observed | ||
| − | === | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| + | ''M. quadrivalvis'' should avoid soil disturbance by agriculture and military training to conserve its presence in pine communities.<ref name=ost/><ref name=kirkman/> | ||
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
| − | |||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
| + | File:Mimosa quadrivalvis.jpg| <center> ''Mimosa quadrivalvis'' root <p> Photo by Kevin Robertson </p> <p>Pebble Hill Plantation</p> <p>2015</p> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
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Latest revision as of 09:12, 3 July 2024
| Mimosa quadrivalvis | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo take by Michelle M. Smith | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Fabales |
| Family: | Fabaceae ⁄ Leguminosae |
| Genus: | Mimosa |
| Species: | M. quadrivalvis |
| Binomial name | |
| Mimosa quadrivalvis L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Mimosa quadrivalvis from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common name: Florida sensitive-briar[1]
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Mimosa Floridana (Chapman) Weakley & Flores-Cruz; Leptoglottis floridana (Chapman) Small ex Britton & Rose; Mimosa quadrivalvis Linnaeus var. floridana (Chapman) Barneby; Schrankia microphylla (Dryander) J.F. MacBride var. floridana (Chapman) Isely[1]
Varieties: none[1]
Description
Mimosa quadrivalvis is an armed sprawling vine with 3-5 pinnae pairs per leaf and leaflets with evident secondary veins.[1]
This species is frequent where it is found and has a sprawling behavior.[2] It is a vining plant that creeps and crawls as well.[2]
The root system of Mimosa quadrivalvis includes stem tubers which store non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) important for both resprouting following fire and persisting during long periods of fire exclusion.[3] Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have an NSC concentration of 80.4mg/g (ranking 57 out of 100 species studied) and water content of 73.5% (ranking 89 out of 100 species studied).[3]
According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), Mimosa quadrivalvis has stem tubers with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 12.77 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 80.4 mg g-1.[4]
Distribution
This species is a southeastern Coastal Plain endemic, ranging from Georgia to Florida.[1]
Ecology
In a study comparing N2 fixation potential in nine legume species occurring in longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystems, M. quadrivalvis showed clear superiority in growing a large nodule mass to support the high N2 fixation activity.[5] Aboveground N concentration was the greatest for M. quadrivalis species.[5] N2 fixation potential for M. quadrivalvis does not differ between shaded and unshaded environments.[5] The high potential for N2 fixation makes M. quadrivalvis a candidate species for contributing to the N economy in the restoration of longleaf pine ecosystems.[5]
Habitat
This species has been found in open pinewoods, oak-scrub woodlands, prairies, limestone glades, deciduous forests, turkey oak-pinelands, savannas, well drained ridges, ungrazed native grasslands, arroyos, and bare chalk areas.[2] It is commonly found in pine sandhill environments.[6] Occurs in areas that have sandy loam, peat, gravel, and/or clay loam that is dry, loose, or moist.[7][2] Mimosa quadrivalvis is predominately in native groundcover with a statistical affinity in upland pinelands of South Georgia.[8] This species can be found growing in open to semi-shaded areas.[2]
M. quadrivalvis has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished woodlands that were disturbed by agriculture in South Carolina coastal plain communities, making it an indicator species for remnant woodland.[9] It exhibited its highest density in response to disking in Southern Georgia, especially in double-disked plots. The species has shown regrowth in reestablished habitat that was disturbed by disking.[10] It became absent in response to soil disturbance by military training in west Georgia. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished pine forests that were disturbed by this activity.[11] M. quadrivalvis decreased its occurrence and became absent in response to soil disturbance by agriculture in southwest Georgia. It has shown resistance to regrowth in reestablished pinelands that were disturbed by agricultural practices.[12][8]
Associated species include Pinus palutris, Quercus laevis, Muhlenbergia, Aristida longespica, A. oligantha, Juniperus, Chamaecyparis, Sabal, Magnolia, Acer, Illicium, Salix, Asclepias curtissii, Palafoxia, Paroncyhia, Quercus myrtifolia, Q. geminata, and Serenoa repens.[2]
Phenology
This species has been observed to flower in February as well as from April through September, with peak inflorescence in May.[13] Fruiting has been observed from April through September.[2]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by gravity.[14][15]
Seed bank and germination
Seed coats are hard and viable seed can persist in the seed bank for at least two years.[16]
Fire ecology
This species has been found in areas that are burned,[2] and populations of Mimosa quadrivalvis have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.[17][18]
Pollination
Mimosa quadrivalvis has been observed at the Archbold Biological Station to host plasterer bees such as Colletes distinctus (family Colletidae), thread-waisted wasps such as Prionyx thomae (family Sphecidae), and sweat bees from the family Halictidae such as Agapostemon splendens, Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis metallica, A. sumptuosa, Lasioglossum miniatulus, L. nymphalis, and L. placidensis[19]. Deyrup observed M. quadrivalvis being visited byAgapostemon splendens, Augochlorella aurata, Augochloropsis sumptuosa, Dialictus miniatulus, D. placidensis, and Anthidiellum perplexum.[20]
Herbivory and toxicology
The seeds are sparingly consumed by bobwhite quail and songbirds, and the leaves are commonly consumed by gopher tortoises.[21]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
M. quadrivalvis should avoid soil disturbance by agriculture and military training to conserve its presence in pine communities.[8][12]
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
Mimosa quadrivalvis root Photo by Kevin Robertson
Pebble Hill Plantation
2015
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Edwin L. Tyson, J. Dwyer, Kurt Blum, Robert L. Lazor, Loran C. Anderson, J, Craddock Burks, Grady W. Reinert, R.C. Phillips, Gary R. Knight, Norlan C. Henderson, R. Kral, A.F. Clewell, Robert K. Godfrey, William Reese, Paul Redfearn, J.P. Gillespie, Nancy Caswell, Richard S. Mitchell, Patricia Elliot, Gwynn W. Ramsey, D. B. Ward, S. S. Ward, D.S. Correll, Robert J. Lemaire, L.S. Beard, R.O. Vail, W.B. Fox, Edward E. Terrell, S.B. Jones, Sidney McDaniel, V.L. Cory, Brunelle Moon, Cecil R. Slaughter, Robert R. Simons, Angus Gholson, Walter S. Judd, Bob Simons, Tom Morris, William Lindsey, Elmer C. Prichard, L.J. Brass, O. Lakela, John W. Thieret, Gerardo Garcia, Anastacio Bernal, Natalio Castillo, Guillermo Perez, Nick Lopez, W. L. McCart, D. S. Correll, I. M. Johnston, Duane Isely, F. L. Lewton, H. R. Reed, L. S. Beard, and R O Vail. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Citrus, Duval, Franklin, Gadsden, Highlands, Indian River, Jackson, Lake, Leon, Levy, Liberty, Madison, Marion, Nassau, Osceola, Pinellas, Polk, Suwannee, Taylor, Wakulla, Walton, and Volusia. Georgia: Seminole, and Thomas. Arkansas: Clark and Washington. North Carolina: Robeson and Rockingham. Alabama: Pickens and Sumter. Louisiana: Acadia. Texas: Andrews,Aransas, Callahan, Comal, Dallas, Denton, Dimmit, Ft. McKanepp, Haskell, Leon, Sutton, Taylor, Van Zandt, and Zapata. Kansas: Franklin. Missouri: Bates and Greene. Countries: Panama.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.
- ↑ Diaz‐Toribio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire‐maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Cathey, S. E., L. R. Boring, et al. (2010). "Assessment of N2 fixation capability of native legumes from the longleaf pine-wiregrass ecosystem." Environmental and Experimental Botany 67: 444-450.
- ↑ Downer, M. R. (2012). Plant species richness and species area relationships in a Florida sandhill community. Integrative Biology. Ann Arbor, MI, University of South Florida. M.S.: 52.
- ↑ Miller, J. H., R. S. Boyd, et al. (1999). "Floristic diversity, stand structure, and composition 11 years after herbicide site preparation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 29: 1073-1083.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Ostertag, T.E., and K.M. Robertson. 2007. A comparison of native versus old-field vegetation in upland pinelands managed with frequent fire, South Georgia, USA. Pages 109–120 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.
- ↑ Brudvig, L.A., E Grman, C.W. Habeck, and J.A. Ledvina. (2013). Strong legacy of agricultural land use on soils and understory plant communities in longleaf pine woodlands. Forest Ecology and Management 310: 944-955.
- ↑ Buckner, J.L. and J.L. Landers. (1979). Fire and Disking Effects on Herbaceous Food Plants and Seed Supplies. The Journal of Wildlife Management 43(3):807-811.
- ↑ Dale, V.H., S.C. Beyeler, and B. Jackson. (2002). Understory vegetation indicators of anthropogenic disturbance in longleaf pine forests at Fort Benning, Georgia, USA. Ecological Indicators 1(3):155-170.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kirkman, L.K., K.L. Coffey, R.J. Mitchell, and E.B. Moser. Ground Cover Recovery Patterns and Life-History Traits: Implications for Restoration Obstacles and Opportunities in a Species-Rich Savanna. (2004). Journal of Ecology 92(3):409-421.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 19 MAY 2021
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Maza-Villalobos, S., C. Lemus-Herrera, et al. (2011). "Successional trends in soil seed banks of abandoned pastures of a Neotropical dry region." Journal of Tropical Ecology 27: 35-49.
- ↑ Coffey, K. L. and L. K. Kirkman (2006). "Seed germination strategies of species with restoration potential in a fire-maintained pine savanna." Natural Areas Journal 26: 289-299.
- ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Deyrup, M.A. and N.D. 2015. Database of observations of Hymenoptera visitations to flowers of plants on Archbold Biological Station, Florida, USA.
- ↑ Deyrup, M. J. E., and Beth Norden (2002). "The diversity and floral hosts of bees at the Archbold Biological Station, Florida (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." Insecta mundi 16(1-3).
- ↑ Denhof, Carol. 2013. Understory Plant Spotlight Sensitive Briar Mimosa quadrivalvis var. augustata (Torr. & A. Gray) Barneby. The Longleaf Leader. Vol. VI. Iss. 1. Page 12
