Difference between revisions of "Elephantopus carolinianus"

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Common name: Carolina elephantsfoot <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/>, leafy elephant's-foot <ref name= "Weakley 2015"/>
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Common name: Carolina elephantsfoot <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/>, leafy elephant's-foot <ref name=weakley/>  
 
<!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database -->
 
<!-- Get the taxonomy information from the NRCS Plants database -->
 
{{taxobox
 
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==Taxonomic Notes==
 
==Taxonomic Notes==
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Synonyms: none
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Synonyms: none<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref>
  
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Varieties: none
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Varieties: none<ref name=weakley/>
  
 
==Description==  
 
==Description==  
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
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''E. carolinianus'' is a perennial forb/herb of the ''Asteraceae'' family native to North America. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"> USDA Plant Database [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ELCA3 https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ELCA3] </ref>
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''Elephantopus carolinianus'' is a perennial forb/herb of the ''Asteraceae'' family native to North America. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"> USDA Plant Database [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ELCA3 https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ELCA3] </ref> It can reach heights of between 1 to 3 feet with flowers ranging in color from pink to purple.<ref>[[https://www.wildflower.org/plants/search.php?search_field=&newsearch=true]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: May 3, 2019</ref>
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The root system of ''E. carolinianus'' includes corms which store non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) important for both resprouting following fire and persisting during long periods of fire exclusion.<ref name="Diaz"> Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.</ref>. Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have an NSC concentration of 146 mg/g (ranking 39 out of 100 species studied) and water content of 58.8% (ranking 13 out of 100 species studied).<ref name="Diaz"/>
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According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), ''Elephantopus caroliniaus'' has corms with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 1.05 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 146 mg g<sup>-1</sup>.<ref>Diaz‐Toribio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire‐maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.</ref>
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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''E. carolinianus'' can be found along the southeastern United States, from Texas to New Jersey. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/>
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''E. carolinianus'' can be found along the southeastern United States, from Texas to New Jersey.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> It is also native to the West Indies.<ref name=weakley/>
  
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
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''E. carolinianus'' proliferates in mesic to dry forests and woodlands. <ref name= "Weakley 2015"> Weakley, A. S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC, University of North Carolina Herbarium. </ref>
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''E. carolinianus'' proliferates in mesic to dry forests and woodlands. <ref name=weakley/>  Specimens have been collected from roadside depressions, edge of upland woods, rich woods, moist woods, slope of hardwood forest bluffs, hammock, river floodplain, sandy loam, mixed hardwood, sandy river bank, and mesic floodplain. Soils include moist loamy sand, muddy loam, moist loam, silt, alluvial soil, , and rocky soils.<ref name = "FSU herbarium"> URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Cecil Slaughter, Richard S. Mitchell, R.Kral, R.K. Godfrey, D.B. Ward, R.R. Smith, G. R. Cooley, R.J. eaton, James D. Ray Jr., O. Lakela, J. Allen, R. Lassiter, J. Lassiter, William B. Fox, S.G> Boyle, Bob Lazor, E.S> Ford, J. M. Kane, C.J. Hansen, C.M. Morton, Peter H. Raven, Tamara Engelhorn Raven, Sidney McDaniel, M.B. Brooks, David Morgan, Robert Norris, John Nelson, Delzie Demaree, Virginia Crouch, James Burkhalter, P. L. Redfearn, D.F. Houck, W.D. Reese, Norlan Henderson, John Beaman, G.G. Hedgecock, K. Smith, W.M. Longnecker, B.C. Tharp, J.J. Brady, Fred A. Berkely. States and counties: Florida ( Wakulla, Leon, Volusia, Jackson, Gadsden, Alachua, Gadsden, Liberty, Hernando, Washington, Citrus, Martin, Bay, Dixie, Calhoun, Holmes, Gulf) Georgia (Baker, Grady, Upson, Thomas) Texas (Gonzales, Dallas, Anderson, Cherokee) Tennessee (Blount) North Carolina (McDowell, Chatam) Alabama (Lee, Escambia, Perry, Choctaw) Missouri (Jefferson, Wright, Franklin, Dade) Kentucky (Powell) Mississippi (Jones, Hinds, Yazoo) Louisiana (Lafayette) </ref> It is listed as a facultative and facultative upland species, where it commonly occurs in non-wetland habitats but can also be found in wetland areas.<ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/> This species can also be found in the pine-oak-hickory associated habitat.<ref>Bostick, P. E. (1971). "Vascular Plants of Panola Mountian, Georgia " Castanea 46(3): 194-209.</ref>
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Associated species: ''Eupatorium'' sp., ''Pterocaulon'' sp., ''Acer rubrum'', ''Fagus grandifolia'', ''Liquidambar styraciflua'', ''Pinus'' sp., ''Desmodium'' sp., ''Lygodium japonicum'', ''Vernonia'' sp., ''Brintonia discoidea'', ''Sanicula canadensis'', ''Hexastylis arifolia'', ''Tipularia discolor'', and others.<ref name= "FSU herbarium"/>
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===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
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''E. carolinianus'' flowers in September and October. <ref name= "PanFlora"> PanFlora Author: Gil Nelson URL: [http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/] Date Accessed: 5/21/18 </ref>
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Generally, ''E. carolinianus'' flowers from August until November.<ref name=weakley/>  It  has been observed to flower from August to November as well, and fruit from the same time period.<ref name= "PanFlora"> Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 21 MAY 2018 </ref><ref name= "FSU herbarium"/>
 
<!--===Seed dispersal===-->
 
<!--===Seed dispersal===-->
 
<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
 
<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
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===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 
''E. carolinianus'' is not fire resistant, but has a medium fire tolerance. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/>
 
''E. carolinianus'' is not fire resistant, but has a medium fire tolerance. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/>
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<!--===Pollination===-->  
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<!--===Use by animals===--> <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
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<!--===Pollination===-->
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===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
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''Elephantopus carolinianus'' has been observed to host aphids such as ''Uroleucon sp.'' (family Aphididae).<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> This species consists of approximately 2-5% of the diet for large mammals.<ref>Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.</ref> It has been found to be eaten by white-tailed deer in small amounts.<ref>Gee, K. L., et al. (1994). White-tailed deer: their foods and management in the cross timbers. Ardmore, OK, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation.</ref>
 
<!--==Diseases and parasites==-->
 
<!--==Diseases and parasites==-->
  
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==Conservation and Management==
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==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
 
''E. carolinianus'' is listed as endangered by the New Jersey Office of Natural Lands Management Department of Environmental Protection and Energy, and by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/>
 
''E. carolinianus'' is listed as endangered by the New Jersey Office of Natural Lands Management Department of Environmental Protection and Energy, and by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. <ref name= "USDA Plant Database"/>
  
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==Cultivation and restoration==
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==Cultural use==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==

Latest revision as of 08:36, 3 July 2024

Common name: Carolina elephantsfoot [1], leafy elephant's-foot [2]

Elephantopus carolinianus
Elephantopus carolinianus AFP.jpg
Photo by the Atlas of Florida Plants Database
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida - Dicots
Order: Asterales
Family: Asteraceae
Genus: Elephantopus
Species: E. carolinianus
Binomial name
Elephantopus carolinianus
Raeusch.
ELEP CARO DIST.JPG
Natural range of Elephantopus carolinianus from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Taxonomic Notes

Synonyms: none[2]

Varieties: none[2]

Description

Elephantopus carolinianus is a perennial forb/herb of the Asteraceae family native to North America. [1] It can reach heights of between 1 to 3 feet with flowers ranging in color from pink to purple.[3]

The root system of E. carolinianus includes corms which store non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) important for both resprouting following fire and persisting during long periods of fire exclusion.[4]. Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have an NSC concentration of 146 mg/g (ranking 39 out of 100 species studied) and water content of 58.8% (ranking 13 out of 100 species studied).[4]

According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), Elephantopus caroliniaus has corms with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 1.05 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 146 mg g-1.[5]

Distribution

E. carolinianus can be found along the southeastern United States, from Texas to New Jersey.[1] It is also native to the West Indies.[2]

Ecology

Habitat

E. carolinianus proliferates in mesic to dry forests and woodlands. [2] Specimens have been collected from roadside depressions, edge of upland woods, rich woods, moist woods, slope of hardwood forest bluffs, hammock, river floodplain, sandy loam, mixed hardwood, sandy river bank, and mesic floodplain. Soils include moist loamy sand, muddy loam, moist loam, silt, alluvial soil, , and rocky soils.[6] It is listed as a facultative and facultative upland species, where it commonly occurs in non-wetland habitats but can also be found in wetland areas.[1] This species can also be found in the pine-oak-hickory associated habitat.[7]

Associated species: Eupatorium sp., Pterocaulon sp., Acer rubrum, Fagus grandifolia, Liquidambar styraciflua, Pinus sp., Desmodium sp., Lygodium japonicum, Vernonia sp., Brintonia discoidea, Sanicula canadensis, Hexastylis arifolia, Tipularia discolor, and others.[6]

Phenology

Generally, E. carolinianus flowers from August until November.[2] It has been observed to flower from August to November as well, and fruit from the same time period.[8][6]

Fire ecology

E. carolinianus is not fire resistant, but has a medium fire tolerance. [1]


Herbivory and toxicology

Elephantopus carolinianus has been observed to host aphids such as Uroleucon sp. (family Aphididae).[9] This species consists of approximately 2-5% of the diet for large mammals.[10] It has been found to be eaten by white-tailed deer in small amounts.[11]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

E. carolinianus is listed as endangered by the New Jersey Office of Natural Lands Management Department of Environmental Protection and Energy, and by the Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. [1]

Cultural use

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 USDA Plant Database https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=ELCA3
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  3. ↑ [[1]] Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. Accessed: May 3, 2019
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.
  5. ↑ Diaz‐Toribio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire‐maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2018. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Cecil Slaughter, Richard S. Mitchell, R.Kral, R.K. Godfrey, D.B. Ward, R.R. Smith, G. R. Cooley, R.J. eaton, James D. Ray Jr., O. Lakela, J. Allen, R. Lassiter, J. Lassiter, William B. Fox, S.G> Boyle, Bob Lazor, E.S> Ford, J. M. Kane, C.J. Hansen, C.M. Morton, Peter H. Raven, Tamara Engelhorn Raven, Sidney McDaniel, M.B. Brooks, David Morgan, Robert Norris, John Nelson, Delzie Demaree, Virginia Crouch, James Burkhalter, P. L. Redfearn, D.F. Houck, W.D. Reese, Norlan Henderson, John Beaman, G.G. Hedgecock, K. Smith, W.M. Longnecker, B.C. Tharp, J.J. Brady, Fred A. Berkely. States and counties: Florida ( Wakulla, Leon, Volusia, Jackson, Gadsden, Alachua, Gadsden, Liberty, Hernando, Washington, Citrus, Martin, Bay, Dixie, Calhoun, Holmes, Gulf) Georgia (Baker, Grady, Upson, Thomas) Texas (Gonzales, Dallas, Anderson, Cherokee) Tennessee (Blount) North Carolina (McDowell, Chatam) Alabama (Lee, Escambia, Perry, Choctaw) Missouri (Jefferson, Wright, Franklin, Dade) Kentucky (Powell) Mississippi (Jones, Hinds, Yazoo) Louisiana (Lafayette)
  7. ↑ Bostick, P. E. (1971). "Vascular Plants of Panola Mountian, Georgia " Castanea 46(3): 194-209.
  8. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 21 MAY 2018
  9. ↑ Discoverlife.org [2]
  10. ↑ Miller, J.H., and K.V. Miller. 1999. Forest plants of the southeast and their wildlife uses. Southern Weed Science Society.
  11. ↑ Gee, K. L., et al. (1994). White-tailed deer: their foods and management in the cross timbers. Ardmore, OK, Samuel Roberts Noble Foundation.
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