Difference between revisions of "Crocanthemum carolinianum"
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| − | Common | + | Common names: Carolina frostweed; Carolina sunrose |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| − | Synonym: ''Helianthemum carolinianum'' (Walter) Michaux | + | Synonym: ''Helianthemum carolinianum'' (Walter) Michaux<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: none<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| + | Generally, for the ''Crocanthemum'' genus, they are erect perennials with alternate, pubescent leaves. There are two types of flowers, chasmogamous and cleistogamous. Chasmogamous flowers are on the pedicels that elongate to usually more than 1 cm long with large showy, tallow petals; there are numerous stamens and large sepals. The cleistogamous flowers are on the pedicels are usually less than 3 mm long, where the petals are absent, the stamens are few and the sepals are smaller than those of the chasmogamous flowers. The sepals are in 2 whorls, the outer are narrower than the inner. The capsule is 3-locular.<ref name=radford>Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 718-9. Print.</ref> | ||
| − | ''Crocanthemum carolinianum'' | + | Specifically, for ''Crocanthemum carolinianum'' species, the roots have tuberous thickenings, the stems grow 10 - 30 cm tall, are pilose, and arise from a basal rosettes of leaves. The leaves are widely elliptic to obovate, or nearly lanceolate, growing 2 - 5 cm long, and 0.7 - 2 cm wide, pubescent on both surfaces, with longer trichomes above; the basal leaves are often somewhat irregular, usually larger than the stem leaves; the petioles grow 1 - 3 mm long. The cleistogamous flowers are absent. The chasmogamous flowers are solitary, are opposite a leaf (or appearing internodal). There are 6 sepals, the outer 3 linear, growing 5 - 10 mm long, are acute to acuminate, and pubescent; the petals grow 1.5 - 2 cm long. The capsules are round, growing 7 - 9 mm long. The seeds are reddish black in color, papillose, and growing 0.8 - 1 mm long.<ref name=radford/> |
| − | + | ''Crocanthemum carolinianum'' does not have specialized underground storage units apart from its fibrous roots.<ref name="Diaz"> Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.</ref> Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have a water content of 60.5% (ranking 58 out of 100 species studied).<ref name="Diaz"/> | |
| − | + | According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), ''Crocanthemum carolinianum'' has fibrous roots with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 3.75 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 88.9 mg g<sup>-1</sup>.<ref>Diaz‐Toribio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire‐maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.</ref> | |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | + | This species is native to the Gulf Coastal Plain, ranging from northeast North Carolina to south Florida and west to east Texas and Arkansas.<ref name=weakley/> | |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''C. carolinianum'' can be found in longleaf pine-wiregrass savannas, as well as some disturbed areas, like mowed areas and fields.<ref name=fsu>Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Robert K. Godfrey, Chris Cooksey, R. Komarek, Loran C. Anderson, and Richard R. Clinebell II. States and Counties: Florida: Leon. Georgia: Grady and Thomas.</ref> It grows well in sunny, well drained habitats.<ref name=hawthorn>[[http://hawthornhillwildflowers.blogspot.com/2010/05/carolina-frostweed-helianthemum.html]]Native Florida Wildflowers. Accessed: April 16, 2016</ref> | + | ''C. carolinianum'' can be found in longleaf pine-wiregrass savannas and dry pine flatwoods, as well as some disturbed areas, like mowed areas and fields.<ref name="fsu">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Robert K. Godfrey, Chris Cooksey, R. Komarek, Loran C. Anderson, and Richard R. Clinebell II. States and Counties: Florida: Leon. Georgia: Grady and Thomas.</ref> This is an indicator species of the North Florida subxeric sandhills community.<ref>Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.</ref> It grows well in sunny, well drained habitats.<ref name=hawthorn>[[http://hawthornhillwildflowers.blogspot.com/2010/05/carolina-frostweed-helianthemum.html]]Native Florida Wildflowers. Accessed: April 16, 2016</ref> It has also been found to grow near active gopher tortoise mounds.<ref name= "fsu"/> While it is an upland species, it occurs in hydric and non-hydric ecotones as well as upland transect zones.<ref>Kirkman, L. K., et al. (1998). "Ecotone characterization between upland longleaf pine/wiregrass stands and seasonally-ponded isolated wetlands." Wetlands 18(3): 346-364.</ref> |
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | ''C. carolinianum'' has both chasmogamous flowers and cleistogamous flowers. The chasmogamous flowers have 5 petals and numerous stamen, while the cleistogamous flowers lack petals and have few stamen<ref name=name>[[http://www.namethatplant.net/plantdetail.shtml?plant=2057]]Native Plants of the Carolinas and Georgia. Accessed: April 16, 2016</ref> | + | ''C. carolinianum'' has both chasmogamous flowers and cleistogamous flowers. The chasmogamous flowers have 5 petals and numerous stamen, while the cleistogamous flowers lack petals and have few stamen.<ref name=name>[[http://www.namethatplant.net/plantdetail.shtml?plant=2057]]Native Plants of the Carolinas and Georgia. Accessed: April 16, 2016</ref> |
| − | Flowering has been observed in February, March, and April<ref name=fsu/>. | + | Flowering has been observed in February, March, and April.<ref name=fsu/> However, common flowering time is between April and May as well as between July and August.<ref name=weakley/> |
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | This species occurs in habitat that burns frequently<ref name=fsu/>. | + | This species occurs in habitat that burns frequently<ref name=fsu/> as evidenced by populations of ''Crocanthemum carolinianum'' that have been known to persist through repeated annual burns on the Pebble Hill plantation in north Florida.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> |
<!--===Pollination===--> | <!--===Pollination===--> | ||
| − | <!--=== | + | <!--===Herbivory and toxicology===--> |
<!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | + | This species is listed as critically imperiled and has a state rank of S1 in North Carolina.<ref>[[http://explorer.natureserve.org]] NatureServe Explorer. Accessed: April 22, 2019.</ref> | |
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
Latest revision as of 07:56, 3 July 2024
| Crocanthemum carolinianum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo was taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Violales |
| Family: | Cistaceae |
| Genus: | Crocanthemum |
| Species: | C. carolinianum |
| Binomial name | |
| Crocanthemum carolinianum (Walter) Michx. | |
| |
| Natural range of Crocanthemum carolinianum from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Carolina frostweed; Carolina sunrose
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonym: Helianthemum carolinianum (Walter) Michaux[1]
Varieties: none[1]
Description
Generally, for the Crocanthemum genus, they are erect perennials with alternate, pubescent leaves. There are two types of flowers, chasmogamous and cleistogamous. Chasmogamous flowers are on the pedicels that elongate to usually more than 1 cm long with large showy, tallow petals; there are numerous stamens and large sepals. The cleistogamous flowers are on the pedicels are usually less than 3 mm long, where the petals are absent, the stamens are few and the sepals are smaller than those of the chasmogamous flowers. The sepals are in 2 whorls, the outer are narrower than the inner. The capsule is 3-locular.[2]
Specifically, for Crocanthemum carolinianum species, the roots have tuberous thickenings, the stems grow 10 - 30 cm tall, are pilose, and arise from a basal rosettes of leaves. The leaves are widely elliptic to obovate, or nearly lanceolate, growing 2 - 5 cm long, and 0.7 - 2 cm wide, pubescent on both surfaces, with longer trichomes above; the basal leaves are often somewhat irregular, usually larger than the stem leaves; the petioles grow 1 - 3 mm long. The cleistogamous flowers are absent. The chasmogamous flowers are solitary, are opposite a leaf (or appearing internodal). There are 6 sepals, the outer 3 linear, growing 5 - 10 mm long, are acute to acuminate, and pubescent; the petals grow 1.5 - 2 cm long. The capsules are round, growing 7 - 9 mm long. The seeds are reddish black in color, papillose, and growing 0.8 - 1 mm long.[2]
Crocanthemum carolinianum does not have specialized underground storage units apart from its fibrous roots.[3] Diaz-Toribio and Putz (2021) recorded this species to have a water content of 60.5% (ranking 58 out of 100 species studied).[3]
According to Diaz-Torbio and Putz (2021), Crocanthemum carolinianum has fibrous roots with a below-ground to above-ground biomass ratio of 3.75 and nonstructural carbohydrate concentration of 88.9 mg g-1.[4]
Distribution
This species is native to the Gulf Coastal Plain, ranging from northeast North Carolina to south Florida and west to east Texas and Arkansas.[1]
Ecology
Habitat
C. carolinianum can be found in longleaf pine-wiregrass savannas and dry pine flatwoods, as well as some disturbed areas, like mowed areas and fields.[5] This is an indicator species of the North Florida subxeric sandhills community.[6] It grows well in sunny, well drained habitats.[7] It has also been found to grow near active gopher tortoise mounds.[5] While it is an upland species, it occurs in hydric and non-hydric ecotones as well as upland transect zones.[8]
Phenology
C. carolinianum has both chasmogamous flowers and cleistogamous flowers. The chasmogamous flowers have 5 petals and numerous stamen, while the cleistogamous flowers lack petals and have few stamen.[9] Flowering has been observed in February, March, and April.[5] However, common flowering time is between April and May as well as between July and August.[1]
Fire ecology
This species occurs in habitat that burns frequently[5] as evidenced by populations of Crocanthemum carolinianum that have been known to persist through repeated annual burns on the Pebble Hill plantation in north Florida.[10]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
This species is listed as critically imperiled and has a state rank of S1 in North Carolina.[11]
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 718-9. Print.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Diaz-Toribio, M.H. and F. E. Putz 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire-maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108: 432-442.
- ↑ Diaz‐Toribio, M. H. and F. E. Putz. 2021. Underground carbohydrate stores and storage organs in fire‐maintained longleaf pine savannas in Florida, USA. American Journal of Botany 108(3):432-442.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Robert K. Godfrey, Chris Cooksey, R. Komarek, Loran C. Anderson, and Richard R. Clinebell II. States and Counties: Florida: Leon. Georgia: Grady and Thomas.
- ↑ Carr, S. C., et al. (2010). "A Vegetation Classification of Fire-Dependent Pinelands of Florida." Castanea 75(2): 153-189.
- ↑ [[1]]Native Florida Wildflowers. Accessed: April 16, 2016
- ↑ Kirkman, L. K., et al. (1998). "Ecotone characterization between upland longleaf pine/wiregrass stands and seasonally-ponded isolated wetlands." Wetlands 18(3): 346-364.
- ↑ [[2]]Native Plants of the Carolinas and Georgia. Accessed: April 16, 2016
- ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ [[3]] NatureServe Explorer. Accessed: April 22, 2019.
