Difference between revisions of "Polygala polygama"
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| binomial = ''Polygala polygama'' | | binomial = ''Polygala polygama'' | ||
| binomial_authority = Walter | | binomial_authority = Walter | ||
| − | | range_map = | + | | range_map = POLY_POLYG_dist.jpg |
| − | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Polygala polygama'' from USDA NRCS [http:// | + | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Polygala polygama'' from USDA NRCS [http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=POPO Plants Database]. |
}} | }} | ||
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| + | Common names: racemed milkwort, bitter milkwort | ||
| + | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonyms: none<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: ''Polygala polygama'' Walter var. ''obtusata'' Chodat; ''P. polygama'' var. ''polygama''; ''P. aboriginum'' Small<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| + | "Herbs, whorled or alternate rarely opposite, entire leaves. Flowers lavender, pink, white or yellow, in racemes or spikes, terminating the branches or in terminal corymbs. Flowers perfect, zygomorphic, with 3 small sepals, frequently one of these slightly larger than the others, and 2 larger petaloid sepals (wigs). The 3 petals are united into a tube, 3-lobed at apex, the 2 lateral lobes usually the longer, the center lobe usually lacerate, often thicker in texture; stamens 6-8, united to the corolla tube in 2 rows. Capsule 2 –locular, with one seed in each locule. Seeds dark brown or black, ellipsoid or ovoid, rarely globose, 0.5-3 mm long, usually densely pubescent. The genus has been divided into several genera none of which have distinct characteristics. Orange flowers turn pale yellow on drying, yellow ones bluish green; the pink or lavender ones remain the same color or fade slightly."<ref name="Radford"> Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 656. Print.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | "Glabrous biennial or weak perennial herb, 3-5 dm tall, from a tap root; branches erect, slightly radiating from a crown, stems uniformly leafy. Leaves alternate, linear-oblong to oblong-spatulate, 1.5-4 cm long, revolute, apex usually with a sharp mucro, racemes 5-25 cm long; bracts deciduous. Sepals green, with pink or white margins, ca. 2 mm long, wings pink, elliptic , 4-6 mm long, tapered to claws; corolla slightly shorter than the wings, fringed; stamens 8. Cleistogamous flowers in racemes from the base of the plant, either below or just above the surface of the soil, rarely from the lower leaf axils. Seeds black, ca. 3 mm long, densely short-pubescent; aril 2-lobed ½ as the seed body."<ref name="Radford"/> | ||
| + | |||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| + | In the Coastal Plain in Florida and Georgia, ''P. polygama'' has been found in a longleaf pine-mixed-oak-wiregrass association on a sandy hill slope, upland unburned pine woodland with thick vegetation, annually burned longleaf pineforest, piney woods and ridges, and burned areas.<ref name="FSU Herbarium">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: [http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu]. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: James R. Burkhalter, M. J. Jordan, R. A. Norris, R. Komarek, Wilson Baker, Robert K. Godfrey, Loran C. Anderson, Bill Boothe, Marcia Boothe, R. F. Doren. States and Counties: Florida: Escambia, Jackson, Leon. Georgia: Decatur, Grady, Thomas. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.</ref> It can also occur on xeric sandhills near roadsides. Associated species include ''Licania michauxii, Balduina angustifolia, Helianthemum corymbosum, Conradina canescens, Pinus palustris, Aristida stricta, Quercus, Verbena rigida, Solanum dimidiatum, Carex, Marshallia obovata'' and ''Oenothera fruticosa.''<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Light levels observed include open and semi-shaded areas.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> Soil types recorded are white xeric sand and loamy sand.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/> | ||
| + | |||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| + | ''P. polygama'' has been observed flowering from April to June with peak inflorescence in May.<ref name="FSU Herbarium"/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 12 DEC 2016</ref> | ||
| + | |||
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | ===Seed bank and germination=== | + | This species is thought to be dispersed by ants and/or explosive dehiscence.<ref>Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.</ref> |
| + | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
| + | |||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | ===Pollination=== | + | Populations of ''Polygala polygama'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref><ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> |
| − | === | + | <!--===Pollination===--> |
| − | ===Diseases and parasites=== | + | <!--===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Common herbivores, granivory, insect hosting, poisonous chemicals, allelopathy, etc--> |
| − | ==Conservation and | + | <!--===Diseases and parasites===--> |
| − | == | + | |
| + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Cultural use== | ||
| + | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
| + | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
| + | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
| − | |||
Latest revision as of 09:37, 14 July 2023
| Polygala polygama | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo taken by Gil Nelson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta – Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida – Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Polygalales |
| Family: | Polygalaceae |
| Genus: | Polygala |
| Species: | P. polygama |
| Binomial name | |
| Polygala polygama Walter | |
| |
| Natural range of Polygala polygama from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: racemed milkwort, bitter milkwort
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: none[1]
Varieties: Polygala polygama Walter var. obtusata Chodat; P. polygama var. polygama; P. aboriginum Small[1]
Description
"Herbs, whorled or alternate rarely opposite, entire leaves. Flowers lavender, pink, white or yellow, in racemes or spikes, terminating the branches or in terminal corymbs. Flowers perfect, zygomorphic, with 3 small sepals, frequently one of these slightly larger than the others, and 2 larger petaloid sepals (wigs). The 3 petals are united into a tube, 3-lobed at apex, the 2 lateral lobes usually the longer, the center lobe usually lacerate, often thicker in texture; stamens 6-8, united to the corolla tube in 2 rows. Capsule 2 –locular, with one seed in each locule. Seeds dark brown or black, ellipsoid or ovoid, rarely globose, 0.5-3 mm long, usually densely pubescent. The genus has been divided into several genera none of which have distinct characteristics. Orange flowers turn pale yellow on drying, yellow ones bluish green; the pink or lavender ones remain the same color or fade slightly."[2]
"Glabrous biennial or weak perennial herb, 3-5 dm tall, from a tap root; branches erect, slightly radiating from a crown, stems uniformly leafy. Leaves alternate, linear-oblong to oblong-spatulate, 1.5-4 cm long, revolute, apex usually with a sharp mucro, racemes 5-25 cm long; bracts deciduous. Sepals green, with pink or white margins, ca. 2 mm long, wings pink, elliptic , 4-6 mm long, tapered to claws; corolla slightly shorter than the wings, fringed; stamens 8. Cleistogamous flowers in racemes from the base of the plant, either below or just above the surface of the soil, rarely from the lower leaf axils. Seeds black, ca. 3 mm long, densely short-pubescent; aril 2-lobed ½ as the seed body."[2]
Distribution
Ecology
Habitat
In the Coastal Plain in Florida and Georgia, P. polygama has been found in a longleaf pine-mixed-oak-wiregrass association on a sandy hill slope, upland unburned pine woodland with thick vegetation, annually burned longleaf pineforest, piney woods and ridges, and burned areas.[3] It can also occur on xeric sandhills near roadsides. Associated species include Licania michauxii, Balduina angustifolia, Helianthemum corymbosum, Conradina canescens, Pinus palustris, Aristida stricta, Quercus, Verbena rigida, Solanum dimidiatum, Carex, Marshallia obovata and Oenothera fruticosa.[3]
Light levels observed include open and semi-shaded areas.[3] Soil types recorded are white xeric sand and loamy sand.[3]
Phenology
P. polygama has been observed flowering from April to June with peak inflorescence in May.[3][4]
Seed dispersal
This species is thought to be dispersed by ants and/or explosive dehiscence.[5]
Fire ecology
Populations of Polygala polygama have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.[6][7]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 656. Print.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: July 2015. Collectors: James R. Burkhalter, M. J. Jordan, R. A. Norris, R. Komarek, Wilson Baker, Robert K. Godfrey, Loran C. Anderson, Bill Boothe, Marcia Boothe, R. F. Doren. States and Counties: Florida: Escambia, Jackson, Leon. Georgia: Decatur, Grady, Thomas. Compiled by Tall Timbers Research Station and Land Conservancy.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 12 DEC 2016
- ↑ Kirkman, L. Katherine. Unpublished database of seed dispersal mode of plants found in Coastal Plain longleaf pine-grasslands of the Jones Ecological Research Center, Georgia.
- ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
