Difference between revisions of "Osmundastrum cinnamomeum"
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Osmundastrum cinnamomeum'' from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=acru Plants Database]. | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Osmundastrum cinnamomeum'' from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=acru Plants Database]. | ||
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| − | Common Name: cinnamon fern<ref name= | + | Common Name: cinnamon fern<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref><ref name="USDA">USDA NRCS (2016) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 09 February 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref> |
==Taxonomic Notes== | ==Taxonomic Notes== | ||
| − | Synonyms: '' | + | Synonyms: ''Osmunda cinnamomea'' Linnaeus<ref name=weakley/> |
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: ''Osmunda cinnamomea var. cinnamomea''; ''Osmunda cinnamomea'' Linnaeus ''var. glandulosa'' Waters; ''Osmundastrum cinnamomeum'' var. ''cinnamomeum''; ''Osmundastrum cinnamomeum'' var. ''glandulosum'' (Waters) McAvoy<ref name=weakley/> | ||
==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| − | ''Osmunda cinnamomea'' is a perennial fern that grows as a forb/herb.<ref name="USDA"/> Sterile fronds increase their photosynthesis rates in the spring where they level off around 6-8 µmol m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>. Fertile fronds mature quicker and reached dark respiration rates 2-3 times greater than sterile fronds.<ref name="Britton & Watkins 2016">Britton MR, Watkins Jr. JE (2016) The economy of reproduction in dimorphic ferns. Annals of Botany 118:1139-1149.</ref> | + | ''Osmunda cinnamomea'' is a perennial fern that grows as a forb/herb.<ref name="USDA"/> The leaves are dimorphic and equally broad through much of their length. The basal-most pinnae can be more than 1/2 as long as the largest pinnae. The photosynthetic pinnae have tufts of reddish hairs near the junction with the rachis.<ref name=weakley/> |
| + | |||
| + | To distinguish from ''Anchistea virginica'', look for a coarser texture, cinnamon tufts of tomentum in the axils of the pinnae, a greenish and fleshy rachis (vs. brown and wiry), and fronds clumped or tufted from a massive, woody, ascending rhizome covered with old petiole bases (vs. fronds borne scattered along a thick, horizontal, creeping rhizome).<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | Sterile fronds increase their photosynthesis rates in the spring where they level off around 6-8 µmol m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>. Fertile fronds mature quicker and reached dark respiration rates 2-3 times greater than sterile fronds.<ref name="Britton & Watkins 2016">Britton MR, Watkins Jr. JE (2016) The economy of reproduction in dimorphic ferns. Annals of Botany 118:1139-1149.</ref> | ||
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | This species can be found from Newfoundland and Labrador westward to Ontario and Minnesota, southward to southern Florida and central Texas. It is also in Mexico, southward through Central America to northern South America, in the West Indies, and in eastern Asia.<ref name= | + | This species can be found from Newfoundland and Labrador westward to Ontario and Minnesota, southward to southern Florida and central Texas. It is also in Mexico, southward through Central America to northern South America, in the West Indies, and in eastern Asia.<ref name=weakley/> |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''O. cinnamomeum'' occurs in bogs, peatlands, pocosins, wet savannas, floodplains, blackwater stream swamps,<ref name= | + | ''O. cinnamomeum'' occurs in bogs, peatlands, pocosins, wet savannas, floodplains, blackwater stream swamps,<ref name=weakley/> swamps, marshes, and open and wet woods.<ref name="Correll 1938">Correll DS (1938) A county check-list of Florida ferns and fern allies. |
| − | American Fern Journal 28(1):11-16.</ref> It | + | American Fern Journal 28(1):11-16.</ref> It is also found in disturbed areas including cutover swamps and roadsides.<ref name="PH"> Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University accessed using Southeastern Regional Network of Expertise and Collections (SERNEC) data portal. URL: http://sernecportal.org/portal/collections/index.php Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Ida K. Langman and Louise F. A. Tanger. States and Counties: Pennsylvania: Lancaster and Monroe.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | It increased its presence in response to soil disturbance by heavy silviculture in North Carolina longleaf pine sites.<ref name=cohen>Cohen, S., R. Braham, and F. Sanchez. (2004). Seed Bank Viability in Disturbed Longleaf Pine Sites. Restoration Ecology 12(4):503-515.</ref> It also increased its biomass in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in north Florida flatwoods forests.<ref name=moore>Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.</ref> It has shown regrowth in reestablished native habitat that was disturbed by these practices.<ref name=cohen/><ref name=moore/> | ||
| + | |||
| + | ''Osmundastrum cinnamomeum'' is an indicator species for the North Florida Wet Flatwoods community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).<ref>Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.</ref> | ||
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | In the southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, ''O. cinnamomeum'' flowers from March through May.<ref name= | + | In the southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, ''O. cinnamomeum'' flowers from March through May.<ref name=weakley/> <ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 19 MAY 2021</ref> On the Florida panhandle, the species has been observed flowering in April.<ref name="PanFlora">Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 9 FEB 2018</ref> |
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
| − | + | ||
| + | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| + | Populations of ''Osmundastrum cinnamomeum'' have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.<ref>Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> | ||
| + | |||
<!--===Pollination===--> | <!--===Pollination===--> | ||
| + | ===Herbivory and toxicology=== | ||
| + | White-tailed deer are also reported to consume the fern.<ref name="Atwood 1941">Atwood EL (1941) White-tailed deer foods of the United States. The Journal of Wildlife Management 5(3):314-332.</ref> The broad-winged hawk will collect sprigs for its nest of several plants and ferns, including ''O. cinnamomeum''. These sprigs are likely used to maintain a clean lining for the nestling.<ref name="Heinrich 2013">Heinrich B (2013) Why does a hawk build with green nesting material? Northeastern Naturalist 20(2):209-218.</ref> | ||
| + | <!--==Diseases and parasites==--> | ||
| − | == | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | == | + | ==Cultural use== |
| + | In China, fronds from ''O. cinnamomeum'' are cooked in stir-fry type dishes and consumed by people.<ref name="Liu et al 2012">Liu Y, Wujisguleng W, Long C (2012) Food uses of ferns in China: A review. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 81(4):263-270.</ref> | ||
| + | Previously in North America, the uncurled fronds were sought for their nutty flavor and would be cooked as a green with some dishes.<ref> Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.</ref> | ||
| − | |||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
==References and notes== | ==References and notes== | ||
Latest revision as of 13:00, 16 June 2023
| Osmundastrum cinnamomeum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by John B hosted at Bluemelon.com/poaceae | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Pteridophyta – Ferns |
| Class: | Filicopsida |
| Order: | Polypodiales |
| Family: | Osmundaceae |
| Genus: | Osmundastrum |
| Species: | O. cinnamomeum |
| Binomial name | |
| Osmundastrum cinnamomeum L. | |
| |
| Natural range of Osmundastrum cinnamomeum from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common Name: cinnamon fern[1][2]
Contents
Taxonomic Notes
Synonyms: Osmunda cinnamomea Linnaeus[1]
Varieties: Osmunda cinnamomea var. cinnamomea; Osmunda cinnamomea Linnaeus var. glandulosa Waters; Osmundastrum cinnamomeum var. cinnamomeum; Osmundastrum cinnamomeum var. glandulosum (Waters) McAvoy[1]
Description
Osmunda cinnamomea is a perennial fern that grows as a forb/herb.[2] The leaves are dimorphic and equally broad through much of their length. The basal-most pinnae can be more than 1/2 as long as the largest pinnae. The photosynthetic pinnae have tufts of reddish hairs near the junction with the rachis.[1]
To distinguish from Anchistea virginica, look for a coarser texture, cinnamon tufts of tomentum in the axils of the pinnae, a greenish and fleshy rachis (vs. brown and wiry), and fronds clumped or tufted from a massive, woody, ascending rhizome covered with old petiole bases (vs. fronds borne scattered along a thick, horizontal, creeping rhizome).[1]
Sterile fronds increase their photosynthesis rates in the spring where they level off around 6-8 µmol m-2 s-1. Fertile fronds mature quicker and reached dark respiration rates 2-3 times greater than sterile fronds.[3]
Distribution
This species can be found from Newfoundland and Labrador westward to Ontario and Minnesota, southward to southern Florida and central Texas. It is also in Mexico, southward through Central America to northern South America, in the West Indies, and in eastern Asia.[1]
Ecology
Habitat
O. cinnamomeum occurs in bogs, peatlands, pocosins, wet savannas, floodplains, blackwater stream swamps,[1] swamps, marshes, and open and wet woods.[4] It is also found in disturbed areas including cutover swamps and roadsides.[5]
It increased its presence in response to soil disturbance by heavy silviculture in North Carolina longleaf pine sites.[6] It also increased its biomass in response to soil disturbance by clearcutting and chopping in north Florida flatwoods forests.[7] It has shown regrowth in reestablished native habitat that was disturbed by these practices.[6][7]
Osmundastrum cinnamomeum is an indicator species for the North Florida Wet Flatwoods community type as described in Carr et al. (2010).[8]
Phenology
In the southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, O. cinnamomeum flowers from March through May.[1] [9] On the Florida panhandle, the species has been observed flowering in April.[10]
Fire ecology
Populations of Osmundastrum cinnamomeum have been known to persist through repeated annual burning.[11]
Herbivory and toxicology
White-tailed deer are also reported to consume the fern.[12] The broad-winged hawk will collect sprigs for its nest of several plants and ferns, including O. cinnamomeum. These sprigs are likely used to maintain a clean lining for the nestling.[13]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
In China, fronds from O. cinnamomeum are cooked in stir-fry type dishes and consumed by people.[14] Previously in North America, the uncurled fronds were sought for their nutty flavor and would be cooked as a green with some dishes.[15]
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 USDA NRCS (2016) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 09 February 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
- ↑ Britton MR, Watkins Jr. JE (2016) The economy of reproduction in dimorphic ferns. Annals of Botany 118:1139-1149.
- ↑ Correll DS (1938) A county check-list of Florida ferns and fern allies. American Fern Journal 28(1):11-16.
- ↑ Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University accessed using Southeastern Regional Network of Expertise and Collections (SERNEC) data portal. URL: http://sernecportal.org/portal/collections/index.php Last accessed: June 2021. Collectors: Ida K. Langman and Louise F. A. Tanger. States and Counties: Pennsylvania: Lancaster and Monroe.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cohen, S., R. Braham, and F. Sanchez. (2004). Seed Bank Viability in Disturbed Longleaf Pine Sites. Restoration Ecology 12(4):503-515.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Moore, W.H., B.F. Swindel, and W.S. Terry. (1982). Vegetative Response to Clearcutting and Chopping in a North Florida Flatwoods Forest. Journal of Range Management 35(2):214-218.
- ↑ Carr, S.C., K.M. Robertson, and R.K. Peet. 2010. A vegetation classification of fire-dependent pinelands of Florida. Castanea 75:153-189.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 19 MAY 2021
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 9 FEB 2018
- ↑ Platt, W.J., R. Carter, G. Nelson, W. Baker, S. Hermann, J. Kane, L. Anderson, M. Smith, K. Robertson. 2021. Unpublished species list of Wade Tract old-growth longleaf pine savanna, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ Atwood EL (1941) White-tailed deer foods of the United States. The Journal of Wildlife Management 5(3):314-332.
- ↑ Heinrich B (2013) Why does a hawk build with green nesting material? Northeastern Naturalist 20(2):209-218.
- ↑ Liu Y, Wujisguleng W, Long C (2012) Food uses of ferns in China: A review. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae 81(4):263-270.
- ↑ Fernald, et al. 1958. Edible Plants of Eastern North America. Harper and Row Publishers, New York.
