Difference between revisions of "Dichanthelium boscii"
(→Taxonomic notes) |
|||
| (17 intermediate revisions by 9 users not shown) | |||
| Line 8: | Line 8: | ||
| divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | | divisio = Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants | ||
| classis = Liliopsida – Monocotyledons | | classis = Liliopsida – Monocotyledons | ||
| − | | ordo = | + | | ordo = Poales |
| familia = Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae | | familia = Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae | ||
| genus = ''Dichanthelium'' | | genus = ''Dichanthelium'' | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
}} | }} | ||
| − | Common | + | Common names: Bosc's panicgrass; Bosc's witchgrass |
==Taxonomic notes== | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| − | Synonyms: ''Panicum boscii'' | + | Synonyms: ''Panicum boscii'' Poiret<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | Varieties: ''P. boscii'' var. ''boscii'' Poiret; ''P. boscii'' var. ''molle'' (Vasey) A.S. Hitchcock & Chase.<ref name=weakley/> | ||
| + | |||
==Description== | ==Description== | ||
<!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> | ||
| Line 26: | Line 29: | ||
''Dichanthelium boscii'' is a perennial graminoid. | ''Dichanthelium boscii'' is a perennial graminoid. | ||
| − | Generally, for the ''Dichanthelium'' genus, they have "spikelets usually in panicles, round or nearly so in cross section, 2-flowered, terminal fertile, basal sterile, neutral or staminate. First glume usually present, 2nd glume and sterile lemma similar; fertile lemma and palea indurate without hyaline margins. Taxonomically our most difficult and least understood genus of grasses, more than 100 species an varieties are ascribed to the Carolinas by some authors. Note general descriptions for species groups (e.g., 1-4, 5-8, 9-13, and 26-62)." <ref name=radford>Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 142-159. Print.</ref> | + | Generally, for the ''Dichanthelium'' genus, they have "spikelets usually in panicles, round or nearly so in cross section, 2-flowered, terminal fertile, basal sterile, neutral or staminate. First glume usually present, 2nd glume and sterile lemma similar; fertile lemma and palea indurate without hyaline margins. Taxonomically our most difficult and least understood genus of grasses, more than 100 species an varieties are ascribed to the Carolinas by some authors. Note general descriptions for species groups (e.g., 1-4, 5-8, 9-13, and 26-62)." <ref name=radford>Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 142-159. Print.</ref> |
Specifically, for the ''D. boscii'' species, they are "Perennial with distinct basal rosettes; branching, when present, from nodes above basal rosette. Leaves basal and cauline, vernal and autumnal. Culms 2-6.5 dm tall, nodes retrorsely bearded, internodes glabrous, puberulent, or papillose-pilose. Blades to 13 cm long, 12-35 mm wide, glabrous puberulent, or pilose on both surfaces, margins ciliate; ligules ciliate, 1-1.3 mm long. Panicle 3-11 cm long, 1-8 cm broad; rachis and spreading-ascending branches villous. Spikelets ellipsoid, 3.7-4.2 mm long; pedicels villous to glabrous. First glume glabrous or pubescent, acute, 1.5-2.2 mm long, 2nd glume and sterile lemma puberulent or short villous, acute, 3.7-4.2 mm long; fertile lemma and palea 3.7-4.2 mm long. Grain 2 mm long, yellowish or purplish, broadly ellipsoid or subglobose." <ref name=radford/> | Specifically, for the ''D. boscii'' species, they are "Perennial with distinct basal rosettes; branching, when present, from nodes above basal rosette. Leaves basal and cauline, vernal and autumnal. Culms 2-6.5 dm tall, nodes retrorsely bearded, internodes glabrous, puberulent, or papillose-pilose. Blades to 13 cm long, 12-35 mm wide, glabrous puberulent, or pilose on both surfaces, margins ciliate; ligules ciliate, 1-1.3 mm long. Panicle 3-11 cm long, 1-8 cm broad; rachis and spreading-ascending branches villous. Spikelets ellipsoid, 3.7-4.2 mm long; pedicels villous to glabrous. First glume glabrous or pubescent, acute, 1.5-2.2 mm long, 2nd glume and sterile lemma puberulent or short villous, acute, 3.7-4.2 mm long; fertile lemma and palea 3.7-4.2 mm long. Grain 2 mm long, yellowish or purplish, broadly ellipsoid or subglobose." <ref name=radford/> | ||
| Line 33: | Line 36: | ||
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | ''D. boscii'' occurs in a range of light conditions, from shady to open sun and in a variety of soil types, such as from moist loam, to wet clayey soil, dry rocky soil, moist sandy humus, loose sand, and dry soil. It can be found in natural communities such as mixed broadleaf woodlands, oak-hickory uplands, mixed woodland ravines, and river bluffs. In addition, it appears in disturbed habitats such as power line corridors<ref name=fsu>Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Harry E. Ahles, Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, D.J. Banks, W.T. Batson, Jr., Raymond Athey, Max Brown, Stanley A. Cain, W. C. Coker, George R. Cooley, R.F. Doren, J. A. Duke, Richard J. Eaton, Donna Marie Eggeres, Patricia Elliot, Mark A. Garland, R.K. Godfrey, Harry Heady, N.C. Henderson, Ann F. Johnson, Lisa Keppner, A.C. Koelling, R. Kral, H. Kurz, S.W. Leonard, R. L. Lazor, Robert F. Martin, J. B. Nelson, R. A. Norris, P. L. Redfearn, John W. Thieret, R. F. Thorne, John David Tobe, and L. J. Uttal. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Levy, Liberty, and Washington. Georgia: Brooks and Grady. South Carolina: Fairfield and Reidville. Kentucky: Lyon. Virginia: Allegany, Giles, Montgomery, Roanoke, and Tazewell. North Carolina: Alamance, Avery, Cabarrus, and Granville. Indiana: Cass. Pennsylvania: Monroe and Northampton. Arkansas: Newton. Alabama: Lee. Louisana: Caldwell, Iberia, and Ouachita. Missouri: Ripley.</ref> | + | ''D. boscii'' occurs in a range of light conditions, from shady to open sun and in a variety of soil types, such as from moist loam, to wet clayey soil, dry rocky soil, moist sandy humus, loose sand, and dry soil. It can be found in natural communities such as mixed broadleaf woodlands, oak-hickory uplands, mixed woodland ravines, and river bluffs. In addition, it appears in disturbed habitats such as power line corridors.<ref name=fsu>Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Harry E. Ahles, Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, D.J. Banks, W.T. Batson, Jr., Raymond Athey, Max Brown, Stanley A. Cain, W. C. Coker, George R. Cooley, R.F. Doren, J. A. Duke, Richard J. Eaton, Donna Marie Eggeres, Patricia Elliot, Mark A. Garland, R.K. Godfrey, Harry Heady, N.C. Henderson, Ann F. Johnson, Lisa Keppner, A.C. Koelling, R. Kral, H. Kurz, S.W. Leonard, R. L. Lazor, Robert F. Martin, J. B. Nelson, R. A. Norris, P. L. Redfearn, John W. Thieret, R. F. Thorne, John David Tobe, and L. J. Uttal. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Levy, Liberty, and Washington. Georgia: Brooks and Grady. South Carolina: Fairfield and Reidville. Kentucky: Lyon. Virginia: Allegany, Giles, Montgomery, Roanoke, and Tazewell. North Carolina: Alamance, Avery, Cabarrus, and Granville. Indiana: Cass. Pennsylvania: Monroe and Northampton. Arkansas: Newton. Alabama: Lee. Louisana: Caldwell, Iberia, and Ouachita. Missouri: Ripley.</ref> |
| − | Associated species include ''Carex cherokeensis, Schoenus nigricans, Acer saccharum'' ssp. ''floridanum''<ref name=fsu/> | + | Associated species include ''Carex cherokeensis, Schoenus nigricans, Acer saccharum'' ssp. ''floridanum.''<ref name=fsu/> |
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | + | ''D. boscii'' has been observed flowering from March to June and in August and has been observed fruiting in May, August, and October.<ref name=fsu/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 8 DEC 2016</ref> | |
<!--===Seed dispersal===--> | <!--===Seed dispersal===--> | ||
<!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | <!--===Seed bank and germination===--> | ||
===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | ''D. boscii'' has been found in recently burned areas<ref name=fsu/>. | + | ''D. boscii'' has been found in recently burned areas,<ref name=fsu/> and populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.<ref>Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.</ref> |
| + | |||
| + | <!--===Pollination===--> | ||
| − | + | ===Herbivory and toxicology===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | |
| − | + | Insects who have been observed to feed on ''D. boscii'' are Chalepus bicolor, stem-inhabiting larvae of the gall fly ''Calamomyia panici'', the caterpillars of ''Poanes hobomok'' (Hobomok Skipper) and other skippers, leaf-mining larvae of the moths ''Elachista radiantella'' and ''E. solitaria'', the stilt bug ''Jalysus spinosus'', the stink bug ''Mormidea lugens'', the plant bugs ''Collaria meilleuri'' and ''C. oculata'', ''Colopha ulmicola'' (Elm Cockscomb Aphid) and other aphids, the leafhoppers ''Polyamia herbida'' and ''Polyamia rossi'', and ''Arphia sulphurea'' (Sulphur-winged Grasshopper). Seeds are eaten by bobwhite quail, wild turkey, and various sparrows. White-tailed deer and cottontail rabbits browse on the foliage.<ref name="illinois">[[http://www.illinoiswildflowers.info/grasses/plants/bosc_panic.htm]]Illinois Wildflowers. Accessed: April 21, 2016</ref> | |
| − | Insects who feed on ''D. boscii'' | ||
<!--==Diseases and parasites===--> | <!--==Diseases and parasites===--> | ||
| − | ==Conservation and | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | == | + | |
| + | ==Cultural use== | ||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
Latest revision as of 08:45, 24 May 2023
| Dichanthelium boscii | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo taken by Kevin Robertson | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Liliopsida – Monocotyledons |
| Order: | Poales |
| Family: | Poaceae ⁄ Gramineae |
| Genus: | Dichanthelium |
| Species: | D. boscii |
| Binomial name | |
| Dichanthelium boscii (Poir.) Gould & C.A. Clark | |
| |
| Natural range of Dichanthelium boscii from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: Bosc's panicgrass; Bosc's witchgrass
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Panicum boscii Poiret[1]
Varieties: P. boscii var. boscii Poiret; P. boscii var. molle (Vasey) A.S. Hitchcock & Chase.[1]
Description
Dichanthelium boscii is a perennial graminoid.
Generally, for the Dichanthelium genus, they have "spikelets usually in panicles, round or nearly so in cross section, 2-flowered, terminal fertile, basal sterile, neutral or staminate. First glume usually present, 2nd glume and sterile lemma similar; fertile lemma and palea indurate without hyaline margins. Taxonomically our most difficult and least understood genus of grasses, more than 100 species an varieties are ascribed to the Carolinas by some authors. Note general descriptions for species groups (e.g., 1-4, 5-8, 9-13, and 26-62)." [2]
Specifically, for the D. boscii species, they are "Perennial with distinct basal rosettes; branching, when present, from nodes above basal rosette. Leaves basal and cauline, vernal and autumnal. Culms 2-6.5 dm tall, nodes retrorsely bearded, internodes glabrous, puberulent, or papillose-pilose. Blades to 13 cm long, 12-35 mm wide, glabrous puberulent, or pilose on both surfaces, margins ciliate; ligules ciliate, 1-1.3 mm long. Panicle 3-11 cm long, 1-8 cm broad; rachis and spreading-ascending branches villous. Spikelets ellipsoid, 3.7-4.2 mm long; pedicels villous to glabrous. First glume glabrous or pubescent, acute, 1.5-2.2 mm long, 2nd glume and sterile lemma puberulent or short villous, acute, 3.7-4.2 mm long; fertile lemma and palea 3.7-4.2 mm long. Grain 2 mm long, yellowish or purplish, broadly ellipsoid or subglobose." [2]
Distribution
Ecology
Habitat
D. boscii occurs in a range of light conditions, from shady to open sun and in a variety of soil types, such as from moist loam, to wet clayey soil, dry rocky soil, moist sandy humus, loose sand, and dry soil. It can be found in natural communities such as mixed broadleaf woodlands, oak-hickory uplands, mixed woodland ravines, and river bluffs. In addition, it appears in disturbed habitats such as power line corridors.[3]
Associated species include Carex cherokeensis, Schoenus nigricans, Acer saccharum ssp. floridanum.[3]
Phenology
D. boscii has been observed flowering from March to June and in August and has been observed fruiting in May, August, and October.[3][4]
Fire ecology
D. boscii has been found in recently burned areas,[3] and populations have been known to persist through repeated annual burns.[5]
Herbivory and toxicology
Insects who have been observed to feed on D. boscii are Chalepus bicolor, stem-inhabiting larvae of the gall fly Calamomyia panici, the caterpillars of Poanes hobomok (Hobomok Skipper) and other skippers, leaf-mining larvae of the moths Elachista radiantella and E. solitaria, the stilt bug Jalysus spinosus, the stink bug Mormidea lugens, the plant bugs Collaria meilleuri and C. oculata, Colopha ulmicola (Elm Cockscomb Aphid) and other aphids, the leafhoppers Polyamia herbida and Polyamia rossi, and Arphia sulphurea (Sulphur-winged Grasshopper). Seeds are eaten by bobwhite quail, wild turkey, and various sparrows. White-tailed deer and cottontail rabbits browse on the foliage.[6]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Radford, Albert E., Harry E. Ahles, and C. Ritchie Bell. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. 1964, 1968. The University of North Carolina Press. 142-159. Print.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Harry E. Ahles, Loran C. Anderson, Wilson Baker, D.J. Banks, W.T. Batson, Jr., Raymond Athey, Max Brown, Stanley A. Cain, W. C. Coker, George R. Cooley, R.F. Doren, J. A. Duke, Richard J. Eaton, Donna Marie Eggeres, Patricia Elliot, Mark A. Garland, R.K. Godfrey, Harry Heady, N.C. Henderson, Ann F. Johnson, Lisa Keppner, A.C. Koelling, R. Kral, H. Kurz, S.W. Leonard, R. L. Lazor, Robert F. Martin, J. B. Nelson, R. A. Norris, P. L. Redfearn, John W. Thieret, R. F. Thorne, John David Tobe, and L. J. Uttal. States and Counties: Florida: Calhoun, Gadsden, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Levy, Liberty, and Washington. Georgia: Brooks and Grady. South Carolina: Fairfield and Reidville. Kentucky: Lyon. Virginia: Allegany, Giles, Montgomery, Roanoke, and Tazewell. North Carolina: Alamance, Avery, Cabarrus, and Granville. Indiana: Cass. Pennsylvania: Monroe and Northampton. Arkansas: Newton. Alabama: Lee. Louisana: Caldwell, Iberia, and Ouachita. Missouri: Ripley.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 8 DEC 2016
- ↑ Robertson, K.M. Unpublished data collected from Pebble Hill Fire Plots, Pebble Hill Plantation, Thomasville, Georgia.
- ↑ [[1]]Illinois Wildflowers. Accessed: April 21, 2016
