Difference between revisions of "Apios americana"

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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Apios americana'' from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=APAM Plants Database].
 
| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Apios americana'' from USDA NRCS [https://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=APAM Plants Database].
 
}}
 
}}
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Common Names: common groundnut;<ref name="Weakley 2015">Weakley AS (2015) Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Herbarium.</ref> groundnut;<ref name="USDA">USDA NRCS (2016) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 16 February 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref>
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Common Names: Common Groundnut;<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> Groundnut;<ref name="USDA">USDA NRCS (2016) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 16 February 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.</ref><ref name="Ladybird"/> Wild Potato; Indian Potato;<ref name="Ladybird"/>
  
 
==Taxonomic Notes==
 
==Taxonomic Notes==
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Varieties: ''A. americana'' var. ''americana''; ''A. americana'' var. ''turrigera''<ref name="Weakley 2015"/><br>
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Synonyms: ''Glycine apios'' Linnaeus. <ref name=weakley/>
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Synonym: ''Glycine apios''<ref name="Weakley 2015"/>
+
 
 +
Varieties: ''Apios americana'' var. ''americana''; ''Apios americana'' var. ''turrigera'' Fernald<ref name=weakley/>  
  
 
==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
 
==Description== <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perrenial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. -->
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''A. americana'' is a dioeceious perennial that grows as a forb/herb or a vine.<ref name="USDA"/>
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''A. americana'' is a dioeceious perennial that grows as a forb/herb or a vine.<ref name="USDA"/> As a vine, it can reach 1-6 m in length<ref name="Reynolds et al 1988">Reynolds BD, Blackmon WJ, Wickremesinhe E, Wells MH, Constantin RJ (1988) Domestication of ''Apios americana''.
 +
Janick J, Simon JE (eds.) In Advances in new crops: Proceedings of the first national symposium 'New crops: research, development, economics'. Indianapolis, Indiana. 23-26 October 1988.</ref> and produces maroon or reddish-brown pea-like flowers in compact racemes arising from leaf axils. Leaves are green and alternate.<ref name="Ladybird">Plant database: ''Apios americana''. (16 February 2018) Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. URL:https://www.wildflower.org/plants/search.php?search_field=&newsearch=true</ref> The legume fruit is indehiscent and with usually 1 seed, and the seeds are oblong or square in shape with a dark brown wrinkled surface.<ref name= "USDA"/>
  
 
==Distribution==
 
==Distribution==
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This species occurs from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec, westward to Minnesota and South Dakota, southward to southern Florida and Texas.<ref name="Weakley 2015"/>
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This species occurs from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec, westward to Minnesota and South Dakota, southward to southern Florida and Texas.<ref name=weakley/> The plant can also be found cultivated in Europe.<ref name="Bruneau & Anderson 1994"/>
  
 
==Ecology==
 
==Ecology==
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
 
===Habitat=== <!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.-->
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''A. americana'' occurs in marshes (tidal and non-tidal), wet thickets, streambanks, and bottomland forests.<ref name="Weakley 2015"/>
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''A. americana'' occurs in marshes (tidal and non-tidal), wet thickets, streambanks, and bottomland forests,<ref name=weakley/> and has been observed along the borders of bodies of water and wet flatwoods, in loamy sand and calcareous soil, and in disturbed areas like roadsides.<ref name= "Herbarium"> Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: March 2019. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, H. L. Blomquist, Frank Bowers, L. J. Brass, S. g. C., C. C. Christensen, R. F. Christensen, Delzie Demaree, David M. DuMond, Patricia Elliot, Robert K. Godfrey, C. C. Harris, Randy Haynes, Ron Hughes, S. K., J. M. Kane, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, R. Komarek, R. Kral, B. Kuser, Sidney McDaniel, Geo M. Merrill, John Morrill, John B. Nelson, Mary E. Nolan, Deborah Paul, James D. Ray, Jr., H. R. Reed, Fr. Edmond Roy, F. H. Sargent, A. J. Sharp, Al Skorepa, R. Stastny, John W. Thieret, L. J. Uttal, Mary E. Wharton, Rodie White, Roomie Wilson, D. R. Windler, and Jean W. Wooten. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Highlands, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Nassau, Putnam, Sarasota, St Johns, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Alabama: Jackson. Arkansas: Pulaski and St Francis. Georgia: Decatur, Grady, Rabun, Thomas, and Walker. Kentucky: Powell. Louisiana: Iberia, St Mary, and Tangipahoa. Maryland: Dorchester. Massachusetts: Essex and Franklin. Mississippi: Oktibbeha, Pearl River, and Quitman. New Hampshire: Carroll. North Carolina: Carteret. South Carolina: Clarendon, Fairfield, and Richland. Tennessee: Polk. Texas: Freestone. Virginia: Mecklenburg, Montgomery, and Prince Edward.</ref> It has been reported as common in a lakeshore cypress swamp on the east side of Lake Arbuckle, Polk County, FL.<ref name="Bridges 2016">Observation by Edwin Bridges at the east side of Lake Arbuckle, Polk County, FL, January 8, 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group January 9, 2016.</ref> In Washington D.C. marshes, relative cover of vegetation in reference sites was 1.60% and the relative density of seedlings emerging from seed bank samples was 1.12%.<ref name="Baldwin & Derico 1999">Baldwin AH, Derico EF (1999) The seed bank of a restored tidal freshwater marsh in Washington, DC. Urban Ecosystems 3:5-20.</ref>
 +
 
 +
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 +
In the southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, flowering occurs from June through August and fruiting from July though September.<ref name=weakley/> On the Florida panhandle, ''A. americana'' has been observed flowering in April and June through September, with a peak inflorescence between August and September.<ref name="PanFlora">Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 16 FEB 2018</ref> Flowering in large numbers during the winter month of January has been reported in the central peninsular Florida Polk County.<ref name="Bridges 2016"/>
  
−
===Phenology=== <!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers.  Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ -->
 
−
In the southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, flowering occurs from June through August and fruiting from July though September.<ref name="Weakley 2015"/>
 
 
<!--===Seed dispersal===-->
 
<!--===Seed dispersal===-->
 
<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
 
<!--===Seed bank and germination===-->
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<!--===Fire ecology===--> <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 
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<!--===Pollination===-->
 
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<!--===Use by animals===--> <!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.-->
 
−
<!--==Diseases and parasites==-->
 
  
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==Conservation and Management==
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===Fire ecology=== <!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses-->
 +
In southern Illinois brown shale barrens, ''Apios americana'' was absent in preburn sampling but present postburn, suggesting the species may require, or at least do well, in burned habitats.<ref name="Heikens et al 1994">Heikens AL, West KA, Robertson PA (1994) Short-term response of chert and shale barrens vegetation to fire in southwestern Illinois. Castanea 59(3):274-285.</ref> A different study in Michigan white pine/red pine stands showed the mean percent coverage was greatest when burned once (1.62%) over a five year period (1991-1995). Biennial burn frequencies had a mean percent coverage of 1.09% and unburned areas covered 0.29%.<ref name="Neumann & Dickmann 2001">Neumann DD, Dickmann DI (2001) Surface burning in a mature stand of ''Pinus resinosa'' and ''Pinus strobus'' in Michigan:
 +
Effects on understory vegetation. International Journal of Wildland Fire 10:91-101.</ref>
 +
 
 +
===Pollination===
 +
The only pollinator identified for ''A. americana'' are leafcutting bees from the family Megachilidae, though it has been speculated that they are fly pollinated.<ref name="Bruneau & Anderson 1994">Bruneau A, Anderson GJ (1994) To bee or not to bee?: The pollination biology of ''Apios americana'' (Leguminosae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 192:147-149.</ref>
 +
 
 +
===Herbivory and toxicology===
 +
This species has been observed to host ''Lygus lineolaris'' (family Miridae).<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> ''A. americana'' has been found to be consumed by white-tailed deer, but not commonly.<ref name= "Harlow">Harlow, R. F. (1961). "Fall and winter foods of Florida white-tailed deer." The Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 24(1): 19-38.</ref>
 +
 
 +
<!--===Diseases and parasites===-->
 +
 
 +
==Diseases and parasites==
 +
In Baton Rouge, Louisiana, cucumber mosaic virus and ''Desmodium'' yellow mottle virus are reported to be causal agents of diseases in ''A. americana''.<ref name="Valverde et al 1990">Valverde RA, Provvidenti R, Clark CA (1990) Cucumber mosaic virus and ''Desmodium'' yellow mottle virus infections in wild groundnut (''Apios americana''). Plant Disease 74:151-153.</ref>
 +
 
 +
==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration==
 +
 
 +
==Cultural use==
 +
The cord-like rootstalk contains edible tubers that have been eaten historically by Native Americans and the Pilgrims in soups, stews, or fried like potatoes. Cooked seeds can also be consumed by humans.<ref name="Ladybird"/> It was a food source for multiple Native American tribes, including the Omaha, Dakota, Santee Sioux, Cheyenne, Osage, Pawnee, and Hidatsa. Groundnuts were eaten raw, cooked, dried, or even ground for flour. As well, the rhizomes were stored by boiling, peeling, and drying them, and the seeds are cooked and eaten like peas during the summer.<ref name= "USDA"/><ref name= "Gilmore">Gilmore, M. R. (1919). Uses of plants by the indians of the Missouri River region. B. o. A. E. Smithsonian Institution. 33rd Annual Report.</ref>
  
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==Cultivation and restoration==
 
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
==Photo Gallery==
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
<gallery widths=180px>
 
</gallery>
 
</gallery>
 
==References and notes==
 
==References and notes==

Latest revision as of 07:41, 22 May 2023

Apios americana
Apios americana AFP.jpg
Photo by the Atlas of Florida Plants Database
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants
Class: Magnoliopsida - Dicots
Order: Fabales
Family: Fabaceae
Genus: Apios
Species: A. americana
Binomial name
Apios americana
Medikus
APIO AMER DIST.JPG
Natural range of Apios americana from USDA NRCS Plants Database.

Common Names: Common Groundnut;[1] Groundnut;[2][3] Wild Potato; Indian Potato;[3]

Taxonomic Notes

Synonyms: Glycine apios Linnaeus. [1]

Varieties: Apios americana var. americana; Apios americana var. turrigera Fernald[1]

Description

A. americana is a dioeceious perennial that grows as a forb/herb or a vine.[2] As a vine, it can reach 1-6 m in length[4] and produces maroon or reddish-brown pea-like flowers in compact racemes arising from leaf axils. Leaves are green and alternate.[3] The legume fruit is indehiscent and with usually 1 seed, and the seeds are oblong or square in shape with a dark brown wrinkled surface.[2]

Distribution

This species occurs from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Quebec, westward to Minnesota and South Dakota, southward to southern Florida and Texas.[1] The plant can also be found cultivated in Europe.[5]

Ecology

Habitat

A. americana occurs in marshes (tidal and non-tidal), wet thickets, streambanks, and bottomland forests,[1] and has been observed along the borders of bodies of water and wet flatwoods, in loamy sand and calcareous soil, and in disturbed areas like roadsides.[6] It has been reported as common in a lakeshore cypress swamp on the east side of Lake Arbuckle, Polk County, FL.[7] In Washington D.C. marshes, relative cover of vegetation in reference sites was 1.60% and the relative density of seedlings emerging from seed bank samples was 1.12%.[8]

Phenology

In the southeastern and mid-Atlantic United States, flowering occurs from June through August and fruiting from July though September.[1] On the Florida panhandle, A. americana has been observed flowering in April and June through September, with a peak inflorescence between August and September.[9] Flowering in large numbers during the winter month of January has been reported in the central peninsular Florida Polk County.[7]


Fire ecology

In southern Illinois brown shale barrens, Apios americana was absent in preburn sampling but present postburn, suggesting the species may require, or at least do well, in burned habitats.[10] A different study in Michigan white pine/red pine stands showed the mean percent coverage was greatest when burned once (1.62%) over a five year period (1991-1995). Biennial burn frequencies had a mean percent coverage of 1.09% and unburned areas covered 0.29%.[11]

Pollination

The only pollinator identified for A. americana are leafcutting bees from the family Megachilidae, though it has been speculated that they are fly pollinated.[5]

Herbivory and toxicology

This species has been observed to host Lygus lineolaris (family Miridae).[12] A. americana has been found to be consumed by white-tailed deer, but not commonly.[13]


Diseases and parasites

In Baton Rouge, Louisiana, cucumber mosaic virus and Desmodium yellow mottle virus are reported to be causal agents of diseases in A. americana.[14]

Conservation, cultivation, and restoration

Cultural use

The cord-like rootstalk contains edible tubers that have been eaten historically by Native Americans and the Pilgrims in soups, stews, or fried like potatoes. Cooked seeds can also be consumed by humans.[3] It was a food source for multiple Native American tribes, including the Omaha, Dakota, Santee Sioux, Cheyenne, Osage, Pawnee, and Hidatsa. Groundnuts were eaten raw, cooked, dried, or even ground for flour. As well, the rhizomes were stored by boiling, peeling, and drying them, and the seeds are cooked and eaten like peas during the summer.[2][15]

Photo Gallery

References and notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 USDA NRCS (2016) The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 16 February 2018). National Plant Data Team, Greensboro, NC 27401-4901 USA.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Plant database: Apios americana. (16 February 2018) Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. URL:https://www.wildflower.org/plants/search.php?search_field=&newsearch=true
  4. ↑ Reynolds BD, Blackmon WJ, Wickremesinhe E, Wells MH, Constantin RJ (1988) Domestication of Apios americana. Janick J, Simon JE (eds.) In Advances in new crops: Proceedings of the first national symposium 'New crops: research, development, economics'. Indianapolis, Indiana. 23-26 October 1988.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bruneau A, Anderson GJ (1994) To bee or not to bee?: The pollination biology of Apios americana (Leguminosae). Plant Systematics and Evolution 192:147-149.
  6. ↑ Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: March 2019. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, H. L. Blomquist, Frank Bowers, L. J. Brass, S. g. C., C. C. Christensen, R. F. Christensen, Delzie Demaree, David M. DuMond, Patricia Elliot, Robert K. Godfrey, C. C. Harris, Randy Haynes, Ron Hughes, S. K., J. M. Kane, Ed Keppner, Lisa Keppner, R. Komarek, R. Kral, B. Kuser, Sidney McDaniel, Geo M. Merrill, John Morrill, John B. Nelson, Mary E. Nolan, Deborah Paul, James D. Ray, Jr., H. R. Reed, Fr. Edmond Roy, F. H. Sargent, A. J. Sharp, Al Skorepa, R. Stastny, John W. Thieret, L. J. Uttal, Mary E. Wharton, Rodie White, Roomie Wilson, D. R. Windler, and Jean W. Wooten. States and Counties: Florida: Bay, Dixie, Franklin, Gulf, Highlands, Holmes, Jackson, Jefferson, Leon, Liberty, Nassau, Putnam, Sarasota, St Johns, Wakulla, Walton, and Washington. Alabama: Jackson. Arkansas: Pulaski and St Francis. Georgia: Decatur, Grady, Rabun, Thomas, and Walker. Kentucky: Powell. Louisiana: Iberia, St Mary, and Tangipahoa. Maryland: Dorchester. Massachusetts: Essex and Franklin. Mississippi: Oktibbeha, Pearl River, and Quitman. New Hampshire: Carroll. North Carolina: Carteret. South Carolina: Clarendon, Fairfield, and Richland. Tennessee: Polk. Texas: Freestone. Virginia: Mecklenburg, Montgomery, and Prince Edward.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Observation by Edwin Bridges at the east side of Lake Arbuckle, Polk County, FL, January 8, 2016, posted to Florida Flora and Ecosystematics Facebook Group January 9, 2016.
  8. ↑ Baldwin AH, Derico EF (1999) The seed bank of a restored tidal freshwater marsh in Washington, DC. Urban Ecosystems 3:5-20.
  9. ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed: 16 FEB 2018
  10. ↑ Heikens AL, West KA, Robertson PA (1994) Short-term response of chert and shale barrens vegetation to fire in southwestern Illinois. Castanea 59(3):274-285.
  11. ↑ Neumann DD, Dickmann DI (2001) Surface burning in a mature stand of Pinus resinosa and Pinus strobus in Michigan: Effects on understory vegetation. International Journal of Wildland Fire 10:91-101.
  12. ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
  13. ↑ Harlow, R. F. (1961). "Fall and winter foods of Florida white-tailed deer." The Quarterly Journal of the Florida Academy of Sciences 24(1): 19-38.
  14. ↑ Valverde RA, Provvidenti R, Clark CA (1990) Cucumber mosaic virus and Desmodium yellow mottle virus infections in wild groundnut (Apios americana). Plant Disease 74:151-153.
  15. ↑ Gilmore, M. R. (1919). Uses of plants by the indians of the Missouri River region. B. o. A. E. Smithsonian Institution. 33rd Annual Report.
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