Difference between revisions of "Ageratina altissima"
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| range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Ageratina altissima'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=AGAL5 Plants Database]. | | range_map_caption = Natural range of ''Ageratina altissima'' from USDA NRCS [http://www.plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=AGAL5 Plants Database]. | ||
}} | }} | ||
| + | Common names: snakeroot; white snakeroot, common white snakeroot, common milk-poison | ||
| + | ==Taxonomic notes== | ||
| + | Synonyms: ''Eupatorium rugosum'' Houttuyn; ''E. urticifolium'' Reichard<ref name=weakley>Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.</ref> | ||
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| + | Varieties: ''Ageratina altissima'' var. ''angustata'' (A. Gray) Blake; ''Eupatorium rugosum'' var. ''chlorolepsis'' Fernald; ''E. rugosum'' var. ''tomentellum'' (B.L. Robinson) Blake<ref name=weakley/> | ||
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==Description== | ==Description== | ||
| − | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/ | + | <!-- Basic life history facts such as annual/perennial, monoecious/dioecious, root morphology, seed type, etc. --> |
A description of ''Ageratina altissima'' is provided in [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066013 The Flora of North America]. | A description of ''Ageratina altissima'' is provided in [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=250066013 The Flora of North America]. | ||
| − | It is a perennial<ref name="hall">Hall, David W. Illustrated Plants of Florida and the Coastal Plain: based on the collections of Leland and Lucy Baltzell. 1993. A Maupin House Book. Gainesville. 100. Print.</ref> | + | It is a perennial.<ref name="hall">Hall, David W. Illustrated Plants of Florida and the Coastal Plain: based on the collections of Leland and Lucy Baltzell. 1993. A Maupin House Book. Gainesville. 100. Print.</ref> |
==Distribution== | ==Distribution== | ||
| − | It is common in north Florida. Found west to Texas and north to Canada<ref name="hall"/> | + | It is common in north Florida. Found west to Texas and north to Canada.<ref name="hall"/> |
==Ecology== | ==Ecology== | ||
| − | ''Ageratina altissima'' competes by allelopathy. Aqueous extracts from roots and especially shoots decreases the rate of germination, percentage of germination, and size of germinated Lettuce and Radish seeds in Petri dishes as well as in pots of forest soil. <ref name="Corbett et al 2012"> Corbett, B. F. and J. A. Morrison (2012). "The allelopathic potentials of the non-native invasive plant Microstegium vimineum and the native Ageratina altissima: two dominant species of the eastern forest herb layer." Northeastern Naturalist 19: 297-312. </ref> | + | ''Ageratina altissima'' competes by allelopathy. Aqueous extracts from roots and especially shoots decreases the rate of germination, percentage of germination, and size of germinated Lettuce and Radish seeds in Petri dishes as well as in pots of forest soil.<ref name="Corbett et al 2012"> Corbett, B. F. and J. A. Morrison (2012). "The allelopathic potentials of the non-native invasive plant Microstegium vimineum and the native Ageratina altissima: two dominant species of the eastern forest herb layer." Northeastern Naturalist 19: 297-312. </ref> |
===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ===Habitat===<!--Natural communities, human disturbed habitats, topography, hydrology, soils, light, fire regime requirements for removal of competition, etc.--> | ||
| − | In the Coastal Plain ''Ageratina altissima'' grows in shady to partially shady areas<ref name="fsu">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, P. L. Redfearn, Jr., Richard S. Mitchell, Patricia Elliot, Robert L. Lazor, John B. Nelson, A. Gholson Jr., Angela M. Reid, and K. M. Robertson. States and Counties: Florida: Leon, Jefferson, Jackson, Gadsden, Liberty, and Calhoun. South Carolina: Greenville.</ref> | + | In the Coastal Plain, ''Ageratina altissima'' grows in shady to partially shady areas,<ref name="fsu">Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, P. L. Redfearn, Jr., Richard S. Mitchell, Patricia Elliot, Robert L. Lazor, John B. Nelson, A. Gholson Jr., Angela M. Reid, and K. M. Robertson. States and Counties: Florida: Leon, Jefferson, Jackson, Gadsden, Liberty, and Calhoun. South Carolina: Greenville.</ref> preferring wet or moist soils, including sandy alluvial soil, drying sandy loam, and wet loamy soil with limestone outcrops.<ref name="Walck et al 1997"/> |
| + | |||
| + | The plant is common in the eastern deciduous forest herb layer.<ref name="Corbett et al 2012"/> This species also occupies scrubs, thickets, floodplain forests, and slope/bluff habitats.<ref name="fsu"/> It can also be found in disturbed areas like roadsides, old fields, clearings, and the margins of waterways.<ref name="Walck et al 1997"/> | ||
| − | Associated species | + | Associated species include beech, hickory, magnolia, sweetgum, pine, ''Taxodium, Nyssa, Acer, Fraxinus, Quercus, Eupatorium perfoliatum'', and others.<ref name="fsu"/> |
===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ===Phenology===<!--Timing off flowering, fruiting, seed dispersal, and environmental triggers. Cite PanFlora website if appropriate: http://www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ --> | ||
| − | In the Coastal Plain | + | In the Coastal Plain, ''Ageratina altissima'' flowers and fruits between late summer to fall,<ref name="wunderlin">Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 295. Print.</ref><ref name="Corbett et al 2012"/> with peak inflorescence in September, October, and November.<ref name="fsu"/><ref>Nelson, G. [http://www.gilnelson.com/ PanFlora]: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed:15 JAN 2015</ref> |
===Seed dispersal=== | ===Seed dispersal=== | ||
| − | + | ''A. altissima'' disseminates its mature seeds (achenes) by wind in fall and winter. Each plant can produce thousands of seeds at a time. <ref name="Lau et al 2010"> Lau, J. M. and D. L. Robinson (2010). "Phenotypic selection for seed dormancy in white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum)." Weed Biology & Management 10: 241-248. </ref> | |
===Seed bank and germination=== | ===Seed bank and germination=== | ||
| − | ''Ageratina altissima'' usually needs light to germinate. | + | ''Ageratina altissima'' usually needs light to germinate. It exhibits a Type II response to stratification: Germination in the spring generally can occur at a lower temperature than germination in the fall as a result of dormancy loss in the winter. Thus, germination in the spring is more likely because of relatively higher temperatures and lower temperature requirements than in fall.<ref name="Walck et al 1997">Walck, J. L., C. C. Baskin, et al. (1997). "Comparative achene germination requirements of the rockhouse endemic ''Ageratina luciae-brauniae'' and its widespread close relative ''A. altissima'' (Asteraceae)." American Midland Naturalist 137: 1-12. </ref> |
===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ===Fire ecology===<!--Fire tolerance, fire dependence, adaptive fire responses--> | ||
| − | + | ''A. altissima'' resprouts following fire. It is most abundant after a late-season (early October) burn.<ref name="Pavlovic et al 2011">Pavlovic, N. B., S. A. Leicht-Young, et al. (2011). "Short-term effects of burn season on flowering phenology of savanna plants." Plant Ecology 212: 611-625. </ref> | |
| + | |||
| + | ===Pollination===<!--Herbivory, granivory, insect hosting, etc.--> | ||
| + | ''Ageratina altissima'' has been observed to be visited by sweat bees from the family Halictidae such as ''Agapostemon sericeus'' and ''Augochlorella persimilis'', as well as flies from the families Chloropidae and Calliphoridae.<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> | ||
| − | + | ===Herbivory and toxicology=== | |
| − | + | This species is known to host ladybugs including ''Coccinella septempunctata'' (family Coccinellidae).<ref>Discoverlife.org [https://www.discoverlife.org/20/q?search=Bidens+albaDiscoverlife.org|Discoverlife.org]</ref> | |
| − | + | Otherwise, ''A. altissima '' is mostly avoided by many insects.<ref name="Corbett et al 2012"/> This species contains tremetol, a complex alcohol and glycoside that can cause a fatal disease known as staggers in cattle. The toxin is capable of being passed through milk and can cause fatalities in humans who consume infected milk.<ref name="pfaf">[[http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Ageratina+altissima]]Accessed:March 22, 2016</ref> | |
===Diseases and parasites=== | ===Diseases and parasites=== | ||
| − | Leaf miners and flea beetles may attack the foliage<ref name="missouri"/> | + | Leaf miners and flea beetles may attack the foliage.<ref name="missouri"/> |
| − | + | ||
| − | == | + | ==Conservation, cultivation, and restoration== |
| − | Native Americans have reportedly used a decoction of the roots as a remedy for snake bites<ref name="missouri">[[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=v230]]Missouri Botanical Gardens. Accessed: March 22, 2016</ref> | + | |
| + | ==Cultural use== | ||
| + | Native Americans have reportedly used a decoction of the roots as a remedy for snake bites.<ref name="missouri">[[http://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=v230]]Missouri Botanical Gardens. Accessed: March 22, 2016</ref> | ||
| + | <!--==Conservation and management==--> | ||
| + | <!--==Cultivation and restoration==--> | ||
==Photo Gallery== | ==Photo Gallery== | ||
<gallery widths=180px> | <gallery widths=180px> | ||
Latest revision as of 13:58, 17 May 2023
| Ageratina altissima | |
|---|---|
| |
| Photo by John R. Gwaltney, Southeastern Flora.com | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Division: | Magnoliophyta - Flowering plants |
| Class: | Magnoliopsida - Dicotyledons |
| Order: | Asterales |
| Family: | Asteraceae ⁄ Compositae |
| Genus: | Ageratina |
| Species: | A. altissima |
| Binomial name | |
| Ageratina altissima (L.) King & H. Rob. | |
| |
| Natural range of Ageratina altissima from USDA NRCS Plants Database. | |
Common names: snakeroot; white snakeroot, common white snakeroot, common milk-poison
Contents
Taxonomic notes
Synonyms: Eupatorium rugosum Houttuyn; E. urticifolium Reichard[1]
Varieties: Ageratina altissima var. angustata (A. Gray) Blake; Eupatorium rugosum var. chlorolepsis Fernald; E. rugosum var. tomentellum (B.L. Robinson) Blake[1]
Description
A description of Ageratina altissima is provided in The Flora of North America. It is a perennial.[2]
Distribution
It is common in north Florida. Found west to Texas and north to Canada.[2]
Ecology
Ageratina altissima competes by allelopathy. Aqueous extracts from roots and especially shoots decreases the rate of germination, percentage of germination, and size of germinated Lettuce and Radish seeds in Petri dishes as well as in pots of forest soil.[3]
Habitat
In the Coastal Plain, Ageratina altissima grows in shady to partially shady areas,[4] preferring wet or moist soils, including sandy alluvial soil, drying sandy loam, and wet loamy soil with limestone outcrops.[5]
The plant is common in the eastern deciduous forest herb layer.[3] This species also occupies scrubs, thickets, floodplain forests, and slope/bluff habitats.[4] It can also be found in disturbed areas like roadsides, old fields, clearings, and the margins of waterways.[5]
Associated species include beech, hickory, magnolia, sweetgum, pine, Taxodium, Nyssa, Acer, Fraxinus, Quercus, Eupatorium perfoliatum, and others.[4]
Phenology
In the Coastal Plain, Ageratina altissima flowers and fruits between late summer to fall,[6][3] with peak inflorescence in September, October, and November.[4][7]
Seed dispersal
A. altissima disseminates its mature seeds (achenes) by wind in fall and winter. Each plant can produce thousands of seeds at a time. [8]
Seed bank and germination
Ageratina altissima usually needs light to germinate. It exhibits a Type II response to stratification: Germination in the spring generally can occur at a lower temperature than germination in the fall as a result of dormancy loss in the winter. Thus, germination in the spring is more likely because of relatively higher temperatures and lower temperature requirements than in fall.[5]
Fire ecology
A. altissima resprouts following fire. It is most abundant after a late-season (early October) burn.[9]
Pollination
Ageratina altissima has been observed to be visited by sweat bees from the family Halictidae such as Agapostemon sericeus and Augochlorella persimilis, as well as flies from the families Chloropidae and Calliphoridae.[10]
Herbivory and toxicology
This species is known to host ladybugs including Coccinella septempunctata (family Coccinellidae).[11] Otherwise, A. altissima is mostly avoided by many insects.[3] This species contains tremetol, a complex alcohol and glycoside that can cause a fatal disease known as staggers in cattle. The toxin is capable of being passed through milk and can cause fatalities in humans who consume infected milk.[12]
Diseases and parasites
Leaf miners and flea beetles may attack the foliage.[13]
Conservation, cultivation, and restoration
Cultural use
Native Americans have reportedly used a decoction of the roots as a remedy for snake bites.[13]
Photo Gallery
References and notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Weakley, A.S. 2020. Flora of the Southeastern United States. Edition of 20 October 2020. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hall, David W. Illustrated Plants of Florida and the Coastal Plain: based on the collections of Leland and Lucy Baltzell. 1993. A Maupin House Book. Gainesville. 100. Print.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Corbett, B. F. and J. A. Morrison (2012). "The allelopathic potentials of the non-native invasive plant Microstegium vimineum and the native Ageratina altissima: two dominant species of the eastern forest herb layer." Northeastern Naturalist 19: 297-312.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Florida State University Robert K. Godfrey Herbarium database. URL: http://herbarium.bio.fsu.edu. Last accessed: June 2014. Collectors: Loran C. Anderson, Robert K. Godfrey, P. L. Redfearn, Jr., Richard S. Mitchell, Patricia Elliot, Robert L. Lazor, John B. Nelson, A. Gholson Jr., Angela M. Reid, and K. M. Robertson. States and Counties: Florida: Leon, Jefferson, Jackson, Gadsden, Liberty, and Calhoun. South Carolina: Greenville.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Walck, J. L., C. C. Baskin, et al. (1997). "Comparative achene germination requirements of the rockhouse endemic Ageratina luciae-brauniae and its widespread close relative A. altissima (Asteraceae)." American Midland Naturalist 137: 1-12.
- ↑ Wunderlin, Richard P. and Bruce F. Hansen. Guide to the Vascular Plants of Florida. Second edition. 2003. University Press of Florida: Gainesville/Tallahassee/Tampa/Boca Raton/Pensacola/Orlando/Miami/Jacksonville/Ft. Myers. 295. Print.
- ↑ Nelson, G. PanFlora: Plant data for the eastern United States with emphasis on the Southeastern Coastal Plains, Florida, and the Florida Panhandle. www.gilnelson.com/PanFlora/ Accessed:15 JAN 2015
- ↑ Lau, J. M. and D. L. Robinson (2010). "Phenotypic selection for seed dormancy in white snakeroot (Eupatorium rugosum)." Weed Biology & Management 10: 241-248.
- ↑ Pavlovic, N. B., S. A. Leicht-Young, et al. (2011). "Short-term effects of burn season on flowering phenology of savanna plants." Plant Ecology 212: 611-625.
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [1]
- ↑ Discoverlife.org [2]
- ↑ [[3]]Accessed:March 22, 2016
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 [[4]]Missouri Botanical Gardens. Accessed: March 22, 2016
